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Signing Away Rights Khaled Hosseini’s novel, A Thousand Splendid Suns, portrays the struggles of two women living under Taliban law in Afghanistan. Many thousands of women are restricted to their homes because the Taliban permits them from contributing to society, seeking education, or even leaving their property without a male relative present. Because women continue to face this oppression, 97% of women in the country show symptoms of depression (Woolf Internet). Women in Afghanistan are prohibited from having the right to make their own decisions because of gender discrimination.In the book, Mariam faced ongoing gender discrimination, but two events mirrored each other and portrayed huge significance. When Mariam was forced to marry Rasheed, she needed to sign a contract, just as she did before her execution, twenty seven years later. But what does one’s signature symbolize? It symbolizes their approval to whatever is written in the document. Mariam was sent off to R asheed against her will. â€Å"But I’ve seen nine-year-old girls given to men twenty years older than your suitor, Mariam. We all have. What are you, fifteen? That’s a good, solid marrying age for a girl,† (pg. 4). This is an example of a problem that practically all women in Afghanistan face because they have no rights and are treated as prizes to be given away. Twenty seven years later, Mariam killed Rasheed in order to defend Laila and was sent to prison. â€Å"†¦Like a compass needle that points north, a man’s accusing finger always finds a woman. Always,† (pg. 323). Mariam recalled Nana’s wisdom as she awaited her execution. This quote shows that women are evidentally inferior to men in the Afganistan society and will be accused of crimes that they did or did not do regardless.Mariam stayed mute during both events because she knew that her protests would not be heard, and she’d be overruled by the Mullah. These events symbol ize the injustice that women face, but have to bear because society cannot be changed according to their whim. The things that happened to Mariam and Laila were not unusual events. Having women forced to do things against their will was a common occurrence in Afghanistan. â€Å"87% of women are illiterate and only 30% of women in Afghanistan have access to education,† (Taylor Internet).These startling statistics show that women are not valued as much as men are and are one of the reasons why they are taken advantage of. â€Å"Seventy to eighty percent of women face forced marriages, and as a result, one in every three Afghan women experience physical, psychological, or sexual violence, (Taylor Internet)†. Looking at these facts, women do not have a choice about almost anything. The small percent of women who do have rights to certain things in Afghanistan are only getting the average rights that other women, who live in more developed areas of the world, usually get al l the time.This is all because women are not considered to be equal to men and because they are treated differently, the average life expectancy for a woman in Afghanistan is only 44 years (Taylor Internet). Although Afghanistan is known for its cruel Taliban laws, few changes have been welcomed. Hamid Kurzai, the Afghanistan president, stated, â€Å"Men and women have equal rights under Islam but there are differences in the way men and women are created, (Boone Internet). † Women are now allowed to refuse sex from their husband if she is sick or has a reasonable excuse.Women are also allowed to leave the home without permission when there is an emergency forcing her to do so. With that statement, he passed a new law that gives women slightly more freedom, but still to an unreasonable extent. To this day, Afghanistan women are still portrayed as unequal and inferior just as Mariam and Laila were treated in the book. When Mariam signed the contracts twice in the book, once to Rasheed and again when she accepted her execution, she gave away her life and all the unjust rights that she had along with it.Practically all women residing in Afghanistan have to deal with these situations on a daily basis because they are prohibited to make their own decisions due to being of ‘inferior’ female gender. On a side note, Taliban law has been weakening throughout the years. Campaigns and protests against the restrictions on women, although not fully successful, are helping women in Afghanistan a little more every day and give them hope of freedom. -Khaled Hosseini, A Thousand Splendid Suns, May 22, 2007 Human’s Rights Watch, Afghanistan: New Law Threatens Women’s Freedom, Human’s Rights Watch, April 14, 2009, http://www. hrw. org/news/2009/04/14/afghanistan-new-law-threatens-women-s-freedom -Rupert Taylor, Women’s Rights Abused In Afghanistan, Middle Eastern Affairs, April 20, 2009, http://rupert-taylor. suite101. com/womens-r ights-abused-in-afghanistan-a111098 -Jon Boone, ‘Worse Than The Taliban’ –New Law Rolls Back Rights For Afghan Women’ , World News, March 30, 2009, http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2009/mar/31/hamid-karzai-afghanistan-law

Iphone Marketing Strategy Essay

Apple rank no. 1 as the most admired company by fortune. The actual I-phone was launched through Apple Company during 2006-2007 periods. It uses marketing mix & market segmentation strategies. It maintains high secrecy about its products from getting out in the market. It creates innovative products & services aligned with a digital hub strategy, whereby apple computer functions as the digital hub for digital devices. It fully understands that all aspects of customer experience are important & that all brand touch points must reinforce the Apple brand. There are various kinds of creative advertisements designed by Apple that reflect their products to creative individuals. Various other strategies adopted by apple I-phone are Brand awareness, ease of use, Compatibility with iTunes & Mac/apple products for upgradeability, secrecy is maintained before any high level product launch to increase the inquisitiveness about the particular product & generate keen interest from the market & consumers & it’s promoted as form of new generation hip phone which has bit of a professional touch to it. Due to their secrecy, innovation, branding & product to product connectivity & compatibility, i-Phone is the most sought after mobile device & is the current market leader in the mobile market. I-phone incorporates consumer behavior into their marketing strategies by maintaining a high level of secrecy about their product. They let the rumors fly left & right about their products that only a particular number product units are being produced & sold in the market, which is about to be launched by them, which in turn creates an awe-inspiring hype & buzz over the apple products, This scarcity of product in the market leads the consumer to put a lot more value to the product & push itself furthermore to purchase it. The coy approach has been the company’s mantra since the first I-Phone release, a strategy that has worked to drum up insatiable demand of the consumers. People actually camp out near the shops 24 hrs before the launch of a new I-phone, everyone wants to get their hands on the product before anyone else, it becomes a must have product for the consumers.

Hatred by Wislawa Szymborska Essay

In the poem â€Å"Hatred,† Wislawa Szymborska gives a very raw and realist perspective on one of the most powerful emotions in the human psyche. She describes how of all of the different emotions perceivable by humans in the emotion spectrum, hatred is the most powerful and the most capable of impacting our lives. This poem is full of ironies that can be very surprisingly powerful and true and real at the same time. Perhaps the most obvious irony in the poem is simply the way hatred is described as being beautiful and almost skillful in what it does. One line describes hatred as â€Å"Gifted, diligent, hard working.† The irony in this is very clear- hatred is obviously a very negative emotion, and it is described with positive adjectives, ones that you generally would not associate with hatred. Normally, you would see hatred portrayed as a terrible, destructive emotion that brings death and misery everywhere it goes. While Szymborska does not deny that hatred can be described in this way, she brings another perspective to hatred, which is that the power of hatred is unavoidably impressive and ultimately trumps that of other emotions such as peace and happiness. This creates a strange situation with the reader, as we are put in the position of admiring something that destroys the lives of millions every single day and yet we are unable to deny its beauty. Irony is something that has the potential of making people incredibly uncomfortable when it is presented in certain contexts. This poem is no different- the reader is forced to praise an idea that they have come to recognize as a negative poisonous connotation, almost as if we were convinced to admire a fearsome dictator who was responsible for the death of many, such as Hitler or Mussolini, for their incredibly effective leadership skills. We know it’s wrong, but it’s impossible to deny. Certain lines in the poems are ironic by themselves for this very purpose. For example, the first two lines of the poem are â€Å"See how efficient it still is, how it keeps itself in shape.† It is almost comical how Szymborska describes hatred as â€Å"keeping itself in shape,† while on the other hand it keeps the entire world bent out of shape. The entire sixth stanza employs this idea, in lines such as â€Å"It knows how to make beauty. Magnificent bursting bombs in rosy dawns† This is an especially dark, but interesting type of irony- turning a horrific situation, such as the explosion of bombs described as magnificent, into a beautiful one. Yet, although the irony of the poem is dark, unsettling, and almost shocking, it is one of great truth. The fact of the matter is that no other emotion creates such excitement, such energy, motivation, and impact, as hatred. It is a sad truth that hatred has accomplished more than peace and love could ever dream of accomplishing, even if its achievements have a dramatically negative impact. In some ways, it can even be thought of as ironic that hatred is portrayed so negatively and love and peace so positively, considering the sheer power and motivation that hatred is able to provide people with in comparison to that of love and peace. If anything, we should think that forces that are as effective, compelling, and intoxicating as hatred would be embraced by society and praised for their forcefulness and incredible ability. The irony of this poem, and of the world, is that the most negative forces that drive human behavior and judgment are in the end the strongest and most potent ones in the spectrum of human thought.

Wall Mart - Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wall Mart - Community - Essay Example Wal-Mart is American Public Corporation that came into existence in 1962. Although it began as a grocery retailer, in now operates as a major chain of large discount stores and warehouses. Its various stores offer a wide variety of products, all of which are priced lower than its competitors. Although price is a major criterion, upon which many customers make buying decisions. Offering the lowest price and remaining profitable has many challenges. Wall Mart has over the years remained one of the largest retailers, and therefore becoming one of the leading private employers. There is a need therefore to investigate the claims made by the community so that the actual influence of Wall Mart on the community (Hicks, pg 2). The history of the problem can be traced from the concerns that most corporations have focuses on profit maximization at the expense of the interests of the community and employees who gives the economic power to such companies. The primary data I used to get a good understanding of how Wall Mart operates and the nature of issues facing included visiting a number of branches to observe the shoppers, employees and to interview employees and customers. I also observed the type of customers by age and interviewed about their perception of the impact made by Wall Mart to the local community. The secondary data I used included scrutinizing the annual consumerism report that compiled by organizations that represent employees and consumers. Majority of the people we interviewed were of the opinion that Wall Mart has over the years made a significant contribution to the local communities and the American economy in general. Many believed that since Wall Mart was founded based on offering the lowest price for all social groups; it has made important contributions to their lives, which can be categorized as follows. Wall Mart entered the market to offer

Write and 150 words introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write and 150 words introduction - Essay Example With a history of 120 years, Fosters today is available in over 150 countries. Both companies have their unique organizational cultures and both have been very successful. For this takeover to be a success, it is important for SABMiller to identify the various features that are essential to facilitate the take over and design strategies to successfully facilitate the integration of the two companies. This report in the first part identifies and analyses the various facilitating features that needs attention of the management. The second part of the report suggests the various steps to be taken and strategies to be designed to successfully facilitate the integration. SABMiller plans to lead in the stable and profitable Australian beer industry through thorough knowledge of Foster’s and the Australian market and to improve Foster’s financial and operating performance. SABMiller will create value for shareholders, through making Foster’s an important part of its global business, whilst taking into account Foster’s strong heritage (Greenblat 2011). Some promised strategies, in which SABMiller has proven capabilities (Payne, 2011) include improvement to Foster’s weak, underperforming brands, restructuring business segments, saving costs, focusing on new profitable segments and bringing in global scale benefits (SABMiller.com, 2011). Running local brewing operations worldwide and understanding differences between the overseas and Australian Market would help the SABMiller-Foster’s integration. Additionally, SABMiller already owns and manages Foster’s brands in India and America (SABMiller.com, 2011), p roving the strategic fit between the companies. A location strategy advantage is created from SABMiller and Coca-Cola Amatil’s joint venture whereby it will be dissolved with SABMiller taking control of the NSW Central Coast brewery at Warnervale. This brewery will be converted to a Foster’s on-tap beer production brewery for NSW instead of

Labour Law in Canada Final EXAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Labour Law in Canada Final EXAM - Assignment Example Closed shops: The position or status of closed shops varies in the provinces of Canada. A closed shop can be a type of union safety contract where the employer confirms to hire union associates simply, and employees ought to stay associates of the union continually. Union security measures, as well as specially the closed along with union shop, allow unions higher bargaining strength than they'd have experienced under an openshop set up. Statutory Freeze: Labour statutes within every single province as well as in the federal legal system offer a freeze in a couple of specific circumstances: in negotiating for any renewed collective settlement and in bargaining to get a very first collective contract. From the very first agreement scenario, many statutes give 2 distinct freezes, the one that starts once the union applies pertaining to certification, then one that takes place as soon as the union is licensed. In negotiating for a restoration contract, usually the older collective agree ment may expire prior to the latest agreement is agreed upon. Positive Obligation of the state: Positive obligations grant states not to avoid particular steps, but to take action. Similarly with the individuals experiencing human rights requirements, states ought to stop third parties from messing up the standard of living. The labor law will be important in implementing the action plans from government that brings prosperity in society. Part B short Answers: Answer 1. Explain the Legal status of Unions†¦ The status of Unions has been changing during the period of 1920 and 1960s. Both countries almost had similar workplaces for the workers. During that period there was a rise in the popularity of memberships for labor unions. However, after 1965 in USA there was a marginal decline in the popularity of labor unions but in Canada this concept was on a steady way. The reason behind this fluctuation was the impact of globalization. In Canada there has been a tough competition rega rding the manufacturing industry. It was made very easy to join unions simply by signing a special card. This process is also called card check. There are four points under this: the legal status of unions in Canada has encouraged the democratic culture practices, they have made the employment and social objectives wide spread for their members. While reviewing the Canadian labor law Federal Force stated that the trade union of Canada has a high level of internal democracy and they truly have feeling and show keen interest for their members. Then the next point is that, unlike American and British unions Canadian unions do not have any stain like corruption and uncontrollable militancy. However, there were quite a few incidents of corruption but, they were not the main part of labor union, many of them were expelled to make sure that the true leadership is widespread. Thirdly, the political continuation has never been there; in other words, the demand for prolonged union affairs int ernally had positive aspects for the effectiveness of organizations. Those who wanted â€Å"union democracy† never acquired that influence they had in America and Britain. Then the last thing, self-government has a deep influence on Canadian legislator and courts, the way the British common law concept of union was. The membership concept was taken completely personal and contractual, and this is why they do not view it internally the union matters. Membership had been there without a political or group pressure.

ACADEMIC RECOGNITION FOR CPD IN TENNIS COACHING MANAGEMENT Essay

ACADEMIC RECOGNITION FOR CPD IN TENNIS COACHING MANAGEMENT - Essay Example Extending the discussion in this particular regard, it can be affirmed that continuous learning is one of the imperative aspects, which is associated with an individual. It would be vital to mention that continuous learning in any particular domain not only enhances the skills along with the abilities of an individual but it also ensures the attainment of various goals that set by an individual in his/her lifetime in a comprehensive manner (AL-Busafi & et.al., 2013). The process of continuous learning also enhances the ability of an individual towards dealing with various challenges and problems that arise in his/her life. In this regard, the aspect of continuing/continuous professional development (CPD) will be quite significant to take into concern and discuss. Notably, CPD is an approach of any individual where he/she intends to enhance his/her ability, skills or knowledge with regard to gain noteworthy success in professional aspect. CPD also signifies the continuous ability of an individual to augment his/her skills and abilities in the professional domain altogether. The importance of CPD in various domain of professional periphery can also be signified from the aspect that it is visible in almost every professional domain throughout the globe. CPD is also considered as quite important as it is regarded as a structured approach of an individual towards gaining maximum and uninterrupted learning to develop himself or herself in becoming muc h competent towards various noteworthy practices. These practices often possess the capability towards leading individuals in their professional development by a considerable extent. CPD can be both formal/ structured as well as informal/self-directed based on the situation a person is in and the desire to conduct the same. In order to acquire a comprehensive understanding in

Impact and Research Findings Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact and Research Findings - Assignment Example Automated processes would also eliminate or reduce product defects, which would save the company money and improve the production process. Automation would ensure that all processes are conducted effortlessly and that they would run the same way each time they are conducted. No human errors would be allowed. As a result, there would be fewer errors made and errors may not just be defects, but can be about erring that can affect the production process as a whole (Benhabib, 2003). Automation would eliminate or reduce monotony. As humans, it is normal to get bored, especially where repetitive tasks are involved. Monotony slows down performance and increases the chances of defects occurring. There is no monotony in automated processes, no matter the frequency, so productivity is not affected. Processes are conducted at the same speed each time. Automation would help the company comply with internal or external requirements, e.g. statutory requirements, and facilitate cost savings by redu cing the training of required staff. Without automation a lot of time would have been required to train staff to perform even the most repetitive of duties, especially if the duties required a high degree of precision/accuracy. With automation, however, far less training would be required, so overheads would be significantly reduced. Automation would make auditing the company a simple task in itself, so less time would be required to analyze and evaluate processes and the production process as a whole. Due to their high degree of flexibility, automated processes would make the company flexible as well. It would be easier to make changes, or at least much easier than it would be to revise tasks that involve only humans. This level of flexibility would be vital if changes are needed at short notice. The fact that defects would be reduced would mean that customer satisfaction is ensured to a high degree. Therefore, while

Action Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Action Project - Research Paper Example I will be able to conduct my professional care in different ways such as encouraging my students that exhibit physical and slight mental disability to actively participate in inclusive classroom proceedings from the knowledge gained throughout the ARP. I will provide after school programs to student with disabilities to obtain the extra remediation they need to pass class ad end-of-course exam. Additionally, I will come up with effective co-teaching strategies to ensure that every student in my inclusive classroom including students with disabilities comprehends adequate background information on subject through collaborating with my co-teachers.   I will ensure that I will follow the comprehensive evaluation and assessment process rather than just the normal grading system.   Furthermore, I will ensure effective parental involvement for the student with disabilities underscoring tests and arrange frequent meetings with them to discuss strategies to ensure their children’s academic, social, and behavioral success. Recommendationâ€Å"Strive to understand the problem you plan to research on and not proving it at the earliest time possible of the graduate program.† This is one of my recommendations to students entering the process of action research project. The main purpose of an ARP is to promote professional and personal actions by use of the problem statement and planning matrix. Most importantly, a student staring the process should chose a rather specific section.... strategies to ensure that every student in my inclusive classroom including students with disabilities comprehends adequate background information on subject through collaborating with my co-teachers. I will ensure that I will follow the comprehensive evaluation and assessment process rather than just the normal grading system. Furthermore, I will ensure effective parental involvement for the student with disabilities underscoring tests and arrange frequent meetings with them to discuss strategies to ensure their children’s academic, social, and behavioral success. Recommendation â€Å"Strive to understand the problem you plan to research on and not proving it at the earliest time possible of the graduate program.† This is one of my recommendations to students entering the process of action research project. The main purpose of an ARP is to promote professional and personal actions by use of the problem statement and planning matrix. Most importantly, a student staring the process should chose a rather specific section research question or topic. The students should be ready to dig deep reviews of a particular problem to come up an appropriate understanding of the concept before conducting the action plan. Considerably, most students strive to pass the ARP unit for their academic devotions. However, this should not be the case and the students in pursuit of undertaking this process should focus on gaining professional and personal knowledge and skills on the area of action plan. Aspects that would have improved my ARP My action research project was successful in portraying the learning challenges that students with disability face throughout their education process especially substantial failure to pass tests. However, a number of factors would have made my action

Ethics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Ethics - Assignment Example gher standard of behavior by society, because they are stewards of the public trust and are empowered to apply force and remove constitutional privileges when lawfully justified† (Gleason). Police does not only take an oath of protecting the nation, but is also expected to adhere to the highest standards of ethics and respect the laws they enforce upon others. Proper ethical training helps the police recognize ethical dilemma, identify solutions, select the most appropriate solution from among a range of options, take prompt action, and take responsibility for the consequences. There are certain strategies that the police leaders can adopt to instill ethics in the organization. (Zuidema and Duff) highlight some of them; The police leaders should make the ethical behavior a necessary part of the organization’s mission and values. These values include but are not limited to leadership, dedication, and professionalism. This way, it becomes more convenient for the employees of the police department to recall the terms since they are part of in the organization’s initials. The best way to achieve this effect is to display the values of ethical behavior for the officers and the community members on the brochures, website, and cars used by the organizational personnel. The police leaders should emphasize upon the ethical behavior in such organizational events as meetings and sessions of training and skill development. Inviting the sworn officers of law enforcement at all public ceremonies held by the organization to recite the oath of honor can be a potential way to achieve this. Police departments can also place emphasis on the ethical behavior in the philosophy of their organization. For example, the officers may be granted the power to solve problems individually and make the required decisions in mutual consensus with the citizens. If the officers are granted this right, this would not only make them more particular about the ethical concerns and implications

Elizabeth asks Proctor Essay Example for Free

Elizabeth asks Proctor Essay Proctor tells Danforth that Elizabeth knew that she was a harlot and kicked her out of their service. So Danforth decides to call Elizabeth to verify the accusation. Proctor and Abigail are told to turn around and not turn to face Elizabeth when she is brought in. They do as they are told. When Elizabeth enters she is told not to look at either of the other two, only at him. He begins by asking her why she dismissed Abigail from their service. Elizabeth tells them that Abigail dissatisfied her, and that also she thought that her husband was turning from her and began to like Abigail. Elizabeth: I came to think he fancied her. And so one night I lost my wits, I think, and put her out on the highroad. But she does not tell the judges that Proctor committed the crime of adultery. At this point Elizabeth doesnt know how much trouble she has got her husband into and this is dramatic irony because we know that Elizabeth must tell the truth of Proctor crimes in order to save his life but she doesnt know that. So, naturally, she tells the judges a lie, thinking she is actually saving his life. This is one of the biggest ironies of the play and affects the whole outcome of it. Danforth is now convinced that Proctor was lying. He is given a chance to confess to his crimes and free himself from the devil. Proctor, being a man of honour and truth, refuses to confess to something he didnt do. Proctor had a chance to save his life but didnt take it. Instead, in his rage and anger, he shouts out Proctor: I-I say god is dead! This tells us that Proctor cares more about his name than his life. Danforth then arrests Proctor for contempt of court and of being a witch. Many days pass since the fiasco at the court. On the morning of the day of Proctors hanging, Proctor is given a last and final chance to confess to his crimes. Elizabeth is brought out to try and convince her husband to confess. There seems to be some hope when Proctor half heartedly agrees to the terms. Proctor: I want my life. But then, Proctor is asked to sign his name on a paper to prove his confession. This is to be stuck all over the village, but his guilt and shame to confessing to false charges overwhelm him and he withdraws. He asks if he could just orally say his confession, but Danforth wants him to sign it as proof. Proctor does not want to sign away his name on a contract. Proctor (with a cry of his whole soul): Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life. Because I lie and sign myself to lies! Because I am not worth the dust on the feet of them that hang! How may I live without my name? I have given you my soul; leave me my name! (Act 4, Page 115) Again, here he could have easily saved his life but Proctor is extremely cautious of what others think of him, and believes that if he did sign, people would begin to call him a traitor. Elizabeth fully understands his decision and says her final farewells. The parallels between Proctor and Miller, and the two periods in time, are evident in the last scene. Proctor refused to give names of people to Danforth just as Miller did when he was asked for the names of those who may be a threat to America. Also, all of the allegations made on the both of them were false. These times were of hysteria and suspicion. People were willing to believe in anything that promised peace and calm afterwards. So Danforth had the edge in his time, just as McCarthy did in his. Proctor had many chances to save his life in the play, but he never took the chance, and he paid for it dearly. There were many routes he could have taken in order to save his life or even get revenge on Abigail. The main one being that he could have signed the confession and get it over with. But as I said, he did not want to sign his name away, or be freed, only to be hated by his neighbours. He could have, and did in the end, taken the stand against the evil in the village and use himself as an example to others. Also he could have shown that the deaths in Salem only happened for the selfish desires of people like Danforth and the Putnams. Last of all, he could have got himself hanged to get revenge on Abigail. If she loved Proctor, then she would be in deep sorry if Proctor was killed. But this is one of the more strange reasons. Personally, I think that he could have saved his life by signing the paper and confessing. If he loved his family as much as he says he does, then he should have done it just so he could be with his family again. Then again, there are some disadvantages to this. Firstly his neighbours wont like him because he was once accused of being a witch. People will point the finger at him and his family for not saving their friends lives. But for them, that is not much of a problem seeing as their house is outside of Salem. All in all, Proctor could have saved his life but didnt only because of his pride and vanity. He never wanted to be thought unpleasantly of in the village, and for his own selfish reason, got himself hung, and I believe that he was wrong to do so. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Accounting System Essay Example for Free

Accounting System Essay

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay This case study is in relation to a 19 year old adult, Shaku who suffers from learning disability. Shakus heritage is East African/ Punjabi and both her parents are people who work full time. Shaku lives with her parents, bothers, sister and grand mother. The family of Shaku is not a devoted Muslim family but it has been observed that they value their traditions. Regarding Shakus learning disability, her speech is impaired and she is physically disabled and requires assistance with personal care tasks. Although she is disabled, but she is like a normal girl in many ways, who loves fashionable cloths, loves to watch movies and misses her friends from school. Shaku has a speech and language therapist, Jean who is working with her with computerized assistive technology. A learning disability affects the way someone learns, communicates or does some everyday things. Someone has a learning disability all through his or her life. There are many different types of learning disability. They can be mild, moderate or severe. Some people with a mild learning disability do not need a lot of support in their lives. But other people may need support with all sorts of things, like getting dressed, going shopping, or filling out forms. Some people with a learning disability also have a physical disability. This can mean they need a lot of mental and physical support 24 hours a day. Shaku has been attending a local authority ran day centre, Hopefield Road Resource Centre for people with learning disabilities three times a week for the last 12 months. In addition to this she has a care agency, Helpful hands visiting at home three times a day, for one and a half hours at a time to help her with simple everyday tasks. Shaku is getting more and more frustrated and angry everyday. There are many reasons for her verbally abusive out bursts. After interviewing her, this is what I came to know about her family back ground and the way things are going for Shaku. Shaku feels she is a burden on her parents, as both of them are working parents; they do not have the time to look after her. This also frustrated Shaku as she needs more time from people who love her and are close to her. Shaku does get some amount of support from her grandmother but that is not enough as she can not openly communicate with her in Punjabi. Shaku feels uncomfortable being left up to others. Even though she can not perform everyday tasks by herself, she still finds this inconvenient. For example, she does not like to go to bed early. Shaku is disturbed by the thought of the centre closing because then she would not have any activities to do. Although Shaku portrays a friendly attitude towards Kerry, she is not comfortable with her presence and is somewhat feeling being abused. Another important issue in Shakus life is about what will happen to her in future. She is unsure and uncertain. Her parents plan on marrying her, to which she does not give a favourable response. Explain the likely policy and legislative framework which underpins the scenario as it is and that may assist this situation. Discuss the likely impact, usefulness and limitations of such policy and legislative framework. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ people with learning disabilities are citizens first and foremost, and public services, together with the private sector, need to respond appropriately. This means that the responsibility to ensure that all people can enter the workforce is a communitybased responsibility not one simply for health and social care; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ effective person-centred planning is critical, as it ensures services fit the needs of the individual, rather than fitting people into what is available; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ recognising the importance of employment whilst still at school is critical. Ensuring effective individualised transition planning and implementation from education to employment could have a dramatic and long lasting effect on the life experiences of this group and other services; Under the NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(1) Shaku is eligible for an assessment of need for community care services. Furthermore, according to The NHS and Community Care Act 1990 Section 47(2) Shaku has additional rights that are defined in this act because she suffers from learning and physical disabilities. Under Section 4 of the Disabled Persons (Services and Consultation and Representation) Act 1986, local authorities will need to come to a decision regarding the services that are necessary to be provided to Shaku. The Carers and Disabled Childrens Act 2000 gives carers the right to ask for an assessment of their own needs to help them to continue to care, irrespective of whether the person they are caring for has had or is having their own needs assessment. The assessment is available to any carer who provides or is intending to provide regular and substantial care. The Carers and Disabled Act 2000 also allows, Social Service Departments to provide services directly to carers. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA) also applied to Shaku as she has a disability of both physical and mental impairment. As this law states, Shaku will have access to reasonable adjustment to fight with her disability. Shaku is encouraged to take part in public life as this Act has changed the law and extended the rights of disabled people in relation to using transport services, joining private clubs, strengthens rights in the areas of renting premises and discriminatory job advertisements. People like Shaku will receive full support from public bodies and will feel confidence in mingling with the public. Shaku is a Vulnerable Adult, according to the definition of No Secrets A person aged 18 years or over who is or maybe in need of community care services by reason of mental or other disability, age or illness. The Sexual Offences Act 1956 gives Shaku the protection and rights as any other girl. She has rights to: a) To have and enjoy a fulfilling personal relationship; b) The right to express sexual need in an appropriate way if they wish to; c) To privacy; d) To be sexually active; e) To have sexual education, including counselling on personal relationships, sex and sexuality, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases; f) To contraceptive advice and support services; g) To marry or cohabit; h) To make an informed choice about whether or not to have children; i) To be free from exploitation, abuse and degrading treatment; In Shakus case, Kerry is not having a sexual relationship with her but she is being abused to the extent of calling names and touching parts of the body. Section 128 of the Mental Health Act 1959,states that it is an offence for a male member of staff or manager of a hospital or mental nursing home to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who is for the time being receiving treatment for mental disorder or is an out patient at the hospital or home. It is also an offence for a guardian to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a person in his custody/care (Mental Health Act 1948) or in Part 111 accommodation (National Assistance Act 1948). The Sexual Offences Act 1967 also makes it an offence for a male member of staff to commit acts of gross indecency on male patients. All prosecutions require the Director of Public Prosecutions consent. According to the Human Rights Act, rights of people with learning disabilities are the same as of their fellow citizens. In March 2008 the Joint Committee on Human Right declared that the HRA provides a legal framework for service providers to abide by, and for service users to demand that they are treated with respect for their dignity. According to the Human Rights Act, Shaku has the right to marry or refuse at her own free will. Shaku is over 18 years old and if she understands the nature of the marriage, she can get married without her parents consent. Otherwise, she would have to have permission of her parents. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (the Act) provides the legal framework for acting and making decisions on behalf of Shaku as she lacks the mental capacity to make particular decisions for herself. The person that makes the decision for Shaku will have to adhere with this Act. The five statutory principles are: 1. A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established that they lack capacity. 2. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision unless all practicable steps to help him to do so have been taken without success. 3. A person is not to be treated as unable to make a decision merely because he makes an unwise decision. 4. An act done, or decision made, under this Act for or on behalf of a person who lacks capacity must be done, or made, in his best interests. 5. Before the act is done, or the decision is made, regard must be had to whether the purpose for which it is needed can be as effectively achieved in a way that is less restrictive of the persons rights and freedom of action. The deputy should keep a few things in mind when making decisions; they should only make those decisions they are authorized by the court. They should let the person make the decisions whenever they can, always put they persons best interests first. The Disability Discrimination Act 1995 banned the ill treatment of disabled people. The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 and the Disability Equality Duty Act promotes disability equality, takes steps to eradicate discrimination and harassment. These laws make the world an easier place to live in for Shaku. Shaku comes from a minority ethnic background which is why she is subject to discrimination and needs a high level of support. According to the Learning Disability Task Force; people belonging from minority ethnic groups experience poverty, racism, discrimination in employment, education, health and social services. There are a few services which adhere to hold sufficient skills which are needed to work with people with learning disabilities from minority ethnic communities. To prtoct people suffereing from learning disabilities Government departments and local statutory providers are expected to act in accordance with the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000.  [1]   As mentioned in the Department of Health document; Valuing People Now, a strategy has been set out where all the basic rights in relation to health, inclusion in all the aspects of community, housing education, work, having a family, advocacy, transport, leisure services and social activities, safety in the community and at home, access to justice rights of people with learning disabilities. According to the Governments White Paper Valuing People: A New Strategy for Learning Disability for the 21st Century Shaku has the rights to be educated and have access to employment opportunities. Having an education and earning forherself can make Shaku more independent and confident about her self as time goes by and even diminish the disabilities she has. From these benefits she can also achieve inclusion and visibility in the community. The Working Group research shows the objectives of people with learning disabilities are not different from those of the 6.9 million disabled people of working age in Great Britain. The Working Group also possesses evidence unemployment is damaging to both mental and physical health. Under the Government policy, Shaku is eligible for higher education rights. She can access vocational educational training courses. To get Shaku ready for employment, Entry to Employment (E2E) is a flexible work-based learning programme established across England. E2E concentrates many concerns about the accessibility of work towards young people with learning disabilities. It is an entry/level 1 programme which is proposed to help young people to conquer obstacles that confine their advancement to higher levels. Each programme covers three core areas; basic and key skills, vocational development, and personal and social development. Part C Recommendations Discuss the social work interventions which would be required in this scenario: what would you need to do and how you would approach the scenario? Critically evaluate different options you could consider. First of all, Shaku and her problems need to be understood properly. Everything that is to be done should be in the best interests of Shaku. Better communication methods than speech need to be used when communicating with Shaku, such as pictures, simple text, tapes and videos. When communicating with Shaku, she should be addressed directly giving her a self of confidence in herself and being patient with her whenever needed. Shakus family will be included in her care up to the extent which is comfortable for them with their daily life routine. Shakus family would be trained to help them understand interpret and manage situations that Shaku finds challenging. Shaku should have access to a community service for people with learning disabilities. Small-scale alternative day services provide supported employment or innovative leisure or educational pursuits. A range of Occupational Therapy models will be used to gather relevant information about the individual and to help plan appropriate treatment and intervention. The model of Human Occupation The basis of this model has three elements:- o Volition o Habituation o Performance Capacity Volition refers to the process by which persons are motivated toward and choose what they do. Habituation analyses the persons habits and routines. Performance Capacity analyses the persons mental, physical sensory capabilities Volition, habituation, performance capacity and environmental conditions always resonate together, creating conditions out of which our thoughts, feelings and behaviour emerge (Kielhofner 2004). The model is very useful and can be applied to both very able and less able individuals. It guides us to ask the right clinical questions in order to build a picture with the person, of their life and what they can and want to achieve The Sensory Integration Model This model addresses problems of sensory organisation in the brain. A number of people with learning disabilities have a problem processing sensory information which impacts on their ability to do everyday tasks. By process of assessment and specially designed programmes Occupational Therapists help to adapt the persons responses to sensory information in order for them to become more adaptive in their ability to interact with their environment. The Canadian Model of Operation The theoretical basis of CMOP focuses on the dynamic relationship between the Person spirituality, cognitive, affective and physical Occupation self care, leisure and productivity Environment physical, institutional, cultural, social The person is connected to the environment, and occupation occurs as a result of the interaction between the person and their environment. Another component to the model is Spirituality which is at the core of a person, is influenced by the environment and gives meaning to occupation. There are two main areas of focus in this model: Occupational performance i.e. the result of the interaction between a person, their environment and occupation .â‚ ¬Ã‚  Client-centred practice i.e. the collaboration and partnership formed in the therapeutic process. As Shakus therapies are taking place, Shaku has the issue of marriage she is not comfortable with. As a social worker I would be thinking about what Shaku wants and what her best interests are in. Shakus parents may want the best for her in their opinion by an arrange marriage. Even before anything like this takes place, Shaku should be given knowledge about all the aspects of marriage and the relation ship. In Shakus condition, it will take a considerable amount of time for her to understand everything properly; there is a need for Shakus parents to understand what her condition is and how much she can take in when it comes to issues like marriage. It should be made sure that Shakus parents do give her a considerable amount of time everyday as this can help a great deal in her recovery, If Shaku is to be married she needs to be educated in special programs for parents with learning disabilities. These programs will help Shaku and her parents understand the issues that affect parents who have learning disabilities, what kind of help is out there for parents with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Services An in-house care plan is needed for Shaku. The care plan will feature the information about her daily living, health, medication, personal care, likes, dislikes, wishes, choices and other aspects. The plan will be updated regularly to act in accordance with her changing needs and will be reviewed at an anuual basis. person centred planning is advised to be undertaken by Shaku and her family. This will help them to choose what ever is best suited for them. A care plan will be written down what Shaku transport, social, educational, health and other community-based services can be linked up. Contacting Social Care Direct will the first step towards getting a social care service. The Care Quality Commission (CQC), takes assessments and follow-up reviews on care homes and services throughout the UK. Their website lists all the assessments which can help Shaku and her family to choose the right care home and to locate one near their residence as well. | To make sure the needs of adults with a learning disability are met in the best way, health and social worker should work together. Shakus community learning disability nurse will fulfil common and special health needs which include challenging behaviour. Shakus Occupational therapy treatment programme will be designed based according to her exclusive life style, environment and choices. Clinical psychology provides evidence based assessment and intervention to individuals with a learning disability who may have a wide range of psychological problems, which are often complex and multiple. We undertake Cognitive Assessment, for example, to support service provision in relation to capacity issues. Music therapy is another communication tool which will be used for Shaku which will help her to express herself. The Physiotherapists provide assessment, advice and treatment to people with a musculo-skeletal problem associated to their learning disability, and any training their carers/famil y need to help them with this. Specifically, we support mobility, posture, eating and drinking and health living, including walking and exercise groups. As necessary, we liaise with other health professionals and non-health professionals in a variety of settings. Shaku experiences difficulty expressing her self verbally, she can be encouraged to communicate through art therapy which uses art materials. Speech and language therapists put emphasis on developing communication, which is vital to good health and social care. In co ordination with her speech therapist Jean, Shaku can also attend regular inclusive communication training courses. The dietician can counsel on healthy eating, special diets or assist with eating and drinking problems. Mental health problems are very common in people who suffer from a learning disability. The psychiatrist is responsible for assessment and treatment of mental health problems and challenging behaviour. Person centred planning is developed by Learning Disability Partnership Boards which is done according to the White Paper, Valuing People. Partnership boards help people with learning difficulties fulfil their desire to live an ordinary life through person centred planning. The following is taken from the meeting that was arranged with Shaku and sets out what she wants to do and the things she is not happy about. Shaku seems very unhappy with her life. She misses school and her friends there. She is bored at home and bored in the day centre. She is angry that she cannot come and go as she pleases either at home or in Hopefield and school was better at this. She says that she find it depressing that the centre is now closing and is scared about what this means. Will she be at home more? More bored? Helpful Hands are rubbish and the leisure activities are watching telly together or going for a walk and they arrive too late. Shaku says that she would really like to see her friends more. She says that she hadnt thought much about marriage. As Shaku experience learning disabilitied, sometimes she can not explain what she wants so she will need support to make decisions. The Framework for person centred planning for Shaku will need be discussed with her parents, her therapists and her social worker. The person centred planning implementation group will follow the action plan on a daily basis. Shakus family, friends and comuunity services like care management, health professionals, services ( organisations that provide services for people with learning disabilities). Mental Capacity Act 2005.PDF British Institute of Learning Disabilities. PDF ADULTS WITH A LEARNING DISABILITY INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT. PDF Occupational Therapy Models and Learning Disability. PDF Safeguarding Adults Supporting the needs of parents with learning disabilities Making life better for people with a learning disability and people with mental health problems who live in Northern Ireland our lives, our choices Learning Disability Services, Wakefield Council, viewed 10 June, 2010 http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/HealthAndSocialCare/AdultsAndOlderPeople/LearningDisabilities/default.htm Choosing the Right Care, AboutLearningDisabilities, viewed, 9 June, 2010 http://www.aboutlearningdisabilities.co.uk/AboutOurSite.html Department of Health, Valuing People Now: a new three year strategy for people with learning Disabilities 2003, viewed 7 June, 2010 http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_093374.pdf Improving work opportunities for people with a learning disability 2006, Department of Health, viewed on June 6, 2010 www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/Learningdisabilities/DH_4138204 Mansell, J (2010) Raising our sights: services for adults with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/@ps/documents/digitalasset/dh_114347.pdf Rights, independence, choice and inclusion Learning Disability Task Force. Available at http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4074727.pdf VALuInG PEOPLE nOw: A nEw THREE-YEAR STRATEGY FOR PEOPLE wITH LEARnInG DISAbILITIES 2009, Department of Health http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_093372.pdf 3. There are some components that are essential for a good social care service. These include designing and delivering arrangements that are adapted to the individual persons requirements and choices. As in Shakus case, she is living with her family, the service should be family-centered, and a care plan which is prepared for her should be what is most suitable for her and her family.  [2]  

Starbucks International - Foreign Market Entry Strategy Essay -- GCSE

Starbucks International - Foreign Market Entry Strategy Starbucks International has gone beyond the normal philosophy of Starbucks, to create a re-birth of their product line in foreign countries. Typically in the United States, Starbucks owns its entire line of coffee-bar stores outright with no franchise investments or partnerships. However, their international operations are quite the opposite. Starbucks International has adopted a strategy of partnerships to create its line of international coffee-bar stores. These joint ventures create an increased ease of entry into the foreign market. Starbucks International choose to be involved with partnerships for the benefits these relationships offered over their typical wholly owned subsidiary philosophy. However, choosing the right partner, poses a potential problem for the company. Although Starbucks uses multiple lines of distribution to saturate to US coffee market, its international operations consist only of coffee-bar restaurants. Therefore, they only have one channel of distribution internationally. Through this, Starbucks had to choose a partner that would facilitate their creation and expansion of coffee bars in the international arena, specifically Asia and Japan their primary target. Starbucks developed a series of criteria to which they evaluated different potential partnerships in Japan and other foreign countries. First, they sought to implement the idea of ?partnership first, county second,? as a means of developing partnerships that focuses on the companies goals, and not the countries goals. Second Starbucks noted six additional criteria they used to narrow and conclude their partnership search. (1) They looked for companies with similar ideas a... ...common ground. With a more casual atmosphere, Starbucks offer patrons ample seating areas and dine in or carry out services. However, there was originally some worry about the profitability and future growth of the Italian-style coffees in Japan. Japanese had never been exposed to this type of coffee before, so the taste of espresso drinks was as foreign to them as the name Starbucks. However, Starbucks? managers were confident that Japan was ready to indulge in the fine taste of Italian espresso. All in all, the partnership between Sazaby and Starbucks provided a moderately high benefit for local adaptation. Starbucks plan of a partnership is the best choice for an entry strategy into the international market. Their increased insight into the market, and the other benefits provided by this relationship, will propel Starbucks International into the future.

Response to George Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philono

A Response to George Berkeley’s Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous The following essay is a response to George Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, in which he argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent, that the word "matter" as Descartes uses it, does not mean anything. This essay is also about words as memories, and about the two fictional Marcels, young and old. Hylas is a Cartesian thinker, and Philonous is Berkeley’s voice of reason. Words are like vessels—they are merely novel constructions of sounds empty of meaning until we fill them. They mean only what we discern in them, and nothing more. Words are only our impressions of them—imprecise, indefinite, unclear. A single word suggests infinite shades of intensity or quality or connotation. They are variable, distinct in each era and dialect, even in each speaking. They are impossible to translate. Words are almost translations themselves. They are re-creations of other words from other languages and from their own. They are metaphors—dead because they have been "carried across" into alien languages, and dead because we no longer hear them. They are the memories of, and allusions to, what they once were. Words are instinctive—the fundamental expression of thoughts secondary to thoughts. They are, indeed, the translations of thoughts, the inexact and practical interpretations of them. They communicate. Words are imperfect by nature. In the Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous, Berkeley knows words to be imperfect. His two speakers debate definitions—of skepticism, sensible things, substrata, matter, idea, spirit—as principal points on which their arguments depend; once Ph... ... Combray, Swann in Love, and Place-Names: The Name, all of which are mentioned in the essays. Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy questions and defines knowledge and existence. Descartes too, uses a first-person voice, whom we called "the Meditator." It is the Meditator who goes through the method of progressive doubt and re-founds all knowledge on the basis of "the cogito": Thus, after everything has been most carefully weighed, it must finally be established that "I am, I exist" is necessarily true every time I put it forward or conceive it in my mind. Berkeley’s Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous is an argument between the Cartesian thinker Hylas and the Berkelean Philonous. In the first of these dialogues, Berkley argues that the Cartesian notion of substance is incoherent and that the word "matter" as Descartes uses it is meaningless.

I Thought Youd Never Ask! :: Creative Writing Essays

The first day back to school for the new year, Bob noticed a new girl in the class. He stared at her for 15 minutes straight, and quickly fell deep in love with her. The teacher introduced the new student as Jennifer. Now Bob knew her name. He deceded to introduce himself to her the next day. The next morning, as Bob was walking down the hall, he noticed Jennifer struggling to open her locker. In the struggle she dropped all her books. Bob took this oppertunity and hurried over to pick up her books for her. "Hi", said Bob after he had finished picking up the books. "My name is Bob," he said with a smile. "Hi," Jennifer said shyly. "Thanks for helping me with my books." "No Problem," Bob replied. "Well, I'm gonna be late for class, so, I'll see you around!" Bob walked down the hall towards his class. "Why didn't I say something else!?" he asked himself. "Well, theres always a second chance, I'll have to do it then." The next day, Bob got his second chance. At lunch, he saw Jennifer sitting alone at table looking lonely. He decided to go over and sit down beside her. "Hi Jennifer," he said, trying to be freindly. "Whats up?" "Well nothing much really. I'm having trouble making friends here." "I know, its tough isn't it," he replied, trying to comfort her. "I just moved here 3 years ago myself. After a few weeks you'll have lots of freinds though." "Thats good," she replied as she looked up at Bob into his eyes.

Amanda Bynes Psychological Perspective Essay

The popular child star, Amanda Bynes, has recently gone through a wild child phase, as seen by committing several federal crimes, such as hitting and running, driving under the influence, and using illegal drugs. Bynes has recently been diagnosed with both Schizophrenia, and Bipolar Disorder. Finally, after several outrageous months, Bynes was, â€Å"placed under an involuntary hold,† known as the 5150 psychiatric hold, in Los Angeles, California. The UCLA Medical Center came to a conclusion and diagnosed Amanda Bynes with both, a bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Bynes’ disorder can be applicable based on several different perspectives such as the biological, and the social cognitive. Schizophrenia is a severe psychological disorder in which the person is categorized as having disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions, disorganized, and delusional thoughts. Schizophrenia occurs due to dopamine over activity in the brain, biological predisposition, an d environmental stresses when in the mother’s womb. Bynes biological, schizophrenic symptoms included hallucination, disorganized speech, social withdrawal, and a sense that she was not truly part of the world. Bynes also suffers from a bipolar disorder that is also a genetic predisposition and is caused by three different brain chemicals, norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, and abnormal brain circuit function. All the same, Schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders can be connected based on the dopamine chemical. On the other hand, the Freudian perspective believed that schizophrenia was truly several disorders, and was probably caused by the fact that the child did not successfully develop an attachment. Due to the fact that Bynes is actually diagnosed with more than one form of Schizophrenia, and with a bipolar disorder, Freud’s belief was right. All the same it is said that Bynes suffers a slight form of posttraumatic stress disorder after going through the pressures of stardom. Bynes never truly had parental figures as mentioned by a fox news source, â€Å"Amanda can’t make important decisions regarding her finances and welfare,† explained the source. â€Å"But her parents can’t either. Everything still needs  to go through Amanda lawyer and the judge.† The Neo-Freudian perspective believed much in the Freudian perspective, but placed a greater emphasize on childhood relationships. Based on the Neo-Freudian perspective the people who developed psychological disorders such as schizophrenia were love deprived. Based on Bynes’ history, the neo- Freudian perspective would apply based on the fact that she grew up on television without living a normal life and forming normal loving relationships. Growing up in the spotlight is not so easy, as portrayed by stars like Lindsey Lohan, Britney Spears, and Macaulay Culkin. The social cognitive perspective emphasizes this point. The social cognitive perspective emphasized the importa nce of how people process information, and how they apply that information when placed in a social environment. Based on research in both schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder we see how Bynes’ has a lack of social cognition. One of the symptoms that prove the social cognitive perspective is her need to be in a rehabilitation center due to the fact that she cannot be part of community. The behavior perspective suggests that all behaviors are learned. Based on the fact that Bynes grew up in stardom several celebrities went wild. Based on the behavior perspective Bynes’ paranoid schizophrenia could have also formed from all the paparazzi bombarding her. Existential psychology uses the study of phenomena, which are our feelings, relationships, thoughts ext. Existential psychology focuses on the inner conflicts a person, has based on confrontation with the world. All the same there are two existential dilemmas that include the balance between autonomy and connection, and the need to have a sense of self-security. For bipolar as well as schizophrenics existential psychology greatly affects the person. Before being admitted into rehab, Amanda Bynes was said to be suicidal, meaning that her thoughts on he r own existentialism were extremely low. All in all, we see how all of the six different perspective of Amanda Bynes’ can be of great use when diagnosing a psychological disorder.

Whisper of Aids

Samantha Blum Comp 1 Mrs. L-P 20 January 2012 â€Å"The Whisper of AIDS† is a very powerful speech. Mary Fisher wrote a very effective speech; one that would change a lot of American’s views on AIDS. This speech triggered emotions and brought forth an issue rarely talked about in that time of the world. Mary Fisher’s main point was to rid the stereotypes of people who contracted the sexually transmitted disease, AIDS. Fisher was a Caucasian female. She was not poor, not African American, and not homosexual. She did not contract AIDS from being with multiple partners; she got it from her husband.Fisher wanted people to know that AIDS can happen to anyone. In her speech she said, â€Å"It [AIDS] does not care whether you are Democrat or Republican; it does not ask whether you are black or white, male or female, gay or straight, young or old. † In this speech, she was talking to the Republican National Convention. By comparing the two completely opposite poli tical parties (Republicans and Democrats), it shows that truly anyone can be victims of this disease. Fisher really made people think when she stated, â€Å"Though I am white and a mother, I am one with a black infant struggling with tubes in a Philadelphia hospital.Though I am female and contracted this disease in marriage and enjoy the warm support of my family, I am one with the lonely gay man sheltering a flickering candle from the cold wind of his family’s rejection. † She used a method known as â€Å"pathos†, which is using emotions to convince an audience in what you are saying. By a normal woman comparing herself to the typical stereotypes of AIDS, Fisher opened eyes about this disease. Many people thought only African American’s could contract AIDS because the disease is said to be originated from Africa and the disease was well-known there. Fisher was known to be very wealthy.This also helped people realize it’s not just the poor it can h appen to. Fisher also talked about President Bush Sr. ’s family supporting her through this time. This is interesting because Republicans are known as the â€Å"conservative† party vs. the Democrat party, so typically democrats would have been more likely to accept AIDS epidemic. I believe Fisher brought up President Bush to make Republicans more open to the idea of â€Å"normal† people contracting AIDS. When Fisher told people from the beginning that she got contracted her STD from her husband, she was automatically thought of as honest.It was good for her to be known as honest because then the audience trusted her and really believed in what she had to say. Fisher used pathos many times in this speech. When she started talking about her family, she really hit home to many Americans. Everyone who had children could relate to her at that point. She stated, â€Å"My son Max, now four, will take the measure of his mother. My son Zachary, now two, will sort throug h his memories. I may not be here to hear their judgments, but I know already what I hope they are. I want my children to know that their mother was not a victim.She was a messenger. I do not want them to think, as I once did, that courage is the absence of fear. † In my opinion this was the most touching part of her speech. Talking about her children was really emotional to read and by her stating that she might not be there to hear her judgments made people realize that this disease is serious and deadly. Her final statement, â€Å"To all within the sound of my voice, I appeal: Learn with me the lessons of history and of grace, so my children will not be afraid to say the word â€Å"AIDS† when I am gone.Then, their children and yours may not need to whisper it at all. God bless the children, God bless us all. Goodnight. † showed America that AIDS is not something to be ashamed of and not something that needs to be hidden. Mary Fisher did an outstanding job at i nfluencing people’s thoughts about AIDS. In this time and day, AIDS is well known and it’s not something people are embarrassed to talk about. She made it her goal to let people know AIDS can happen to anyone and warned people to be cautious of it. Fisher changed the life’s’ of many and how we look at AIDS today.

Family system thesis Essay

INTRODUCTION Not all children grow from infancy through their adolescent years without experiencing some bumps along the way. While every child is unique and special, sometimes they encounter emotions, feelings or behavior that cause problems in their lives and the lives of those around them. Parents often worry when their teens have difficulty coping with their things, emotions, get involved with alcohol, drugs, or cannot get along with members of the family or people of their own age bracket. A parent’s relationship and nurturing role with a young person continues to be important, although the relationship have to be flexible to adapt to the teenager’s changing needs. At this time, there is a need for gradual change from a more authoritative approach to a more collaborative approach. Parents have to face the reality that their child is no longer a child, is becoming independent, and is no longer within their control. They may feel distressed as they perceive that the young person won’t listen to them, or does the opposite of what they may suggest. They may have to watch their young person disregard the things they thought they taught them were important, such as ways to look after their health, or their future goals. Parents have to learn to ‘let go’, not of the relationship, but of their dreams for the young person, and their authority over the young people, so that they may allow a young person to develop his/herown dreams and greater self-responsibility. Adolescent maturation is a personal phase of development where children have to establish their own beliefs, values, and what they want to accomplish out of life. Because adolescents constantly and realistically appraise themselves, they are often characterized as being extremely self-conscious. However, the self-evaluation process leads to the beginning of long-range goal setting, emotional and social independence, and the making of a mature adult. According to Erik Erickson’s Pyschosocial Development, on the fifth stage, which is Identity vs Role Confusion, the child struggles to find his or her identity in social interactions with friends and family. When he/she reaches the ages of fourteen and fifteen, also adolescent strives to loosen his/her ties from his/her parents and emotions and intellectual capacities also increase. Adolescents begin to consider their futures and decide on careers. During this stage they face the conflict of identity versus role confusion. If the adolescent formulates a satisfying plan of action about his/her future, then the outcome is positive and establishment of identity is achieved. Adolescents who do not develop this sense of identity may develop role confusion and aimlessly move through life without any plan of action or sense of security about their future. Adolescents need to make use of their newly acquired skills of logical thinking and ability to make judgments rationally. The adolescent becomes adventuresome, and experiments with different ideas. This plays an important role in finding one’s relations to oneself, groups, and opposite sex. During this time, the adolescent battles over his own set of values versus the set established by parents and other adult figures. The adolescent also begins to take on more control of educational and vocational pursuits and advantages. It is during this time that adolescents’ self-dependence and a sense of responsibility become apparent, along with their quest to contribute to society and find their place in it. This study on the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescent is vital as a period of growth in which identity formation is addressed. This can be interpreted to mean that the role of family is lessening or that family has only a limited role in the lives of young people at this time. Research shows, however, that ongoing positive family connections are protective factors against a range of health risk behaviors. Although the nature of relationships is changing, the continuity of family connections and a secure emotional base is crucial for the positive development of young people. The study on the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescent demonstrates the importance of the family role in helping children establish their identity upon reaching adolescence. This study made use of the of the Family System Theory which consists the family structure, family interactions, and family functions and Eriksons’ Psychosocial Development Theory. Through this theory, this study have been very effective in identifying the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of adolescents. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY â€Å"Family members are profoundly affecting each other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions that it often seems as if people are living under the same â€Å"emotional skin.†- (One Family’s Story by Murray Bowen) The Laboratory High School of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines was first known as the Philippine College of Commerce Laboratory High School in 1955 which tends to offer a curriculum in secondary level that will affiliate to the rising technical developments during that time of the cyber age. Laboratory High Schools or demonstration schools are elementary or secondary school operated in association with a university, college, or other teacher education institution and used for the training of future teachers, educational experimentation, educational research, and professional development. Students in the secondary level are expected to be more matured than they were in their elementary days. The Laboratory High School (LHS) aims to practice the discipline, the academic excellence, the nationalism, and the commerce among their students. Philippine School of Commerce was converted through the Republic Act 779 into the Philippine College of Commerce which offered the 4-year Bachelor of Science in Business Education, an academic development that made imperative the establishment of a secondary school where senior Bachelor of Science in Business Education students could observe and practice-teach. There were only eight pioneer teachers when the laboratory high school opened in 1955. Listed in the roster were Virginia Aldana, Purificacion Cecilio, Ruth David, Norma Diamante, Fulcida Eligado, Luz Gonzales, and Gloria Talastas. They were soon joined by 18 new recruits: Natividad Agana, Lydia Camit, Racquel Bernardo, Elsie Borja, Carolina Calderon, Fermin Cruz, Rosalina de Lara, Ernesto Dumlao, Luisa de Lara, Soledad London, Celia Rejuso, Julie del Rosario, Tomas San Pedro, Elena Sta. Ana, Francisco Santos, Victoria Tanjutco, Carmen Tupas, and Lydia Villa. Serving at the helm of the school was a succession of able and competent principals: Apolinaria Seva, Brigido Sadsad, Gloria Talastas, Angelina Manapat, Rosario Battung, Josefina Tan, Rosa Guirao, Fe Salting, Charito Montemayor, Liceria Lorenzo, Carmencita L. Castolo, and the incumbent Corazon C. Tahil. The trek to computerization began when Prof. Charito A. Montemayor initiated the computerized enrolment. Ably helping her was an alumnus of the LHS, Prof. Angelito Pastrana who was connected with the PUPILS, a group of IT specialists tasked to handle the computerization projects of the University. Dr. Liceria Lorenzo continued what her predecessor started. During her term, report cards were also computerized. The LHS observed its Golden Anniversary with aplomb. The big event involving the alumni, faculty (including the retirees), and administrators was competently supervised by Dr. Lorenzo. The original Laboratory School run by John Dewey at the University of Chicago in 1938 is now what most laboratory schools follow as the model of experiential education based. John Dewey originally wrote about the benefits of experiential education in 1938, explaining, â€Å"There is an intimate and necessary relation between the processes of actual experience and education.†(Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 7) Dewey suggested that each student’s experience will be individualized based on past experiences, and not all students will take away the same outlook of the concept. Thus, the experiential learning classroom mimics society, where all people have different views of topics and information. Dewey asserts that not all experiences â€Å"are genuinely or equally educative† (Dewey, J., Experience and education. p. 13) and suggests that in progressive education, the quality of the experience is essential. Dewey also maintains that in order for education to be progressive, there must be a solid philosophy that privileges experiences that are â€Å"fruitful and creative† and that enhance subsequent learning experiences. â€Å"It is human to have a long childhood; it is civilized to have an even longer childhood. Long childhood makes a technical and mental virtuoso out of man, but it also leaves a life-long residue of emotional immaturity in him.† – Erik Homburger Erikson (1902-1994) According to Erik Erickson adolescence ranges from 12-18 years old. Teens during this time need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Teens during this time are in their secondary level of education (Arlene F. Harder. The Developmental Stages of Erik Erikson). Success to this stage will lead to an ability to stay true to oneself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self-reliance. Social relationship during this time is one of the most important events in this stage. The first social environment of an individual is within his family. Therefore, whatever a child may acquire to his family will be his basis in facing off the society. But individuals during this time are more expose to school environment than to family environment, which means that superior parental guidance should be exercise. Transition from childhood to adulthood may confuse or insecure them about how they will fit into the society. As they seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life. The family should be the one who supports their adolescent child throughout the whole period of transition. This particular study attempt to determine the effect of family system to the psychosocial development of the 4th year students in Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School year 2012-2013 Figure 1.1 Vicinity map shows the vicinity map where the study is conducted. Figure 1.2 Vicinity map shows the Laboratory High School, Polytechnic University of the Philippines where the area where the research was conducted. Figure 3. The Family System Theory THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Bowen’s Family System Theory These assumptions are diagramed in figure 1. The components and their relationship to the whole system are as follows: 1. Family structure consists of the descriptive characteristics of the family. This includes the nature of its membership and its cultural and ideological style. These characteristics are the input into the interactional system. In this study, the family structure used is the structure according to authority which is the: 2. Family interaction is the hub of the system. It is the process of interaction among family members that determines the rules by which the family is governed. This is the family’s level of cohesion, its adaptability, and its communication style. Finally, these interactions work together to serve individual members and collective family needs. 3. Family function is the output of the interactional system. Utilizing the resources available through its structure (input), the family interacts to produce responses that fulfill its needs. This is the relationship of the family. 4. The family life cycle introduces the element of change into the family system. As the family moves through time, developmental and non-developmental changes alter the family structure and/or the family’s needs. The family life cycle in this study includes the Accepting Adolescence, or the stage of adolescence, this includes the developmental changes of the individual as change increases. Particularly this includes: a. Deal with emerging sexual identity of child. b. Accept increasing influence of peer group. c. Promote differentiation and autonomy of child. According to Dr. Bowens in his Family System Theory or the Bowen Theory views the families as living organisms and stresses boundaries, rules, expectations, and behaviors that help the family maintain equilibrium. Bowen family systems theory is a theory of human behavior that views the family as an emotional unit and uses systems thinking to describe the complex interactions in the unit. It is the nature of a family that its members are intensely connected and family members so profoundly affect each other’s thoughts, feelings, and actions and relationships. Erik Erickson Psychosocial Development (Stage 5 Identity vs. Role Confusion) The eight-stage theory has a definite age span for each social stages, and in this study that focused on the student ages 14-16 years of age, which belong to the fifth stage of Psychosocial development, the Identity vs. Role Confusion stated that during this stage of development the child struggle to find his or her identity and the social interactions with friends and family. The child acquires self-certainty as opposed to self-consciousness and self-doubt and is newly concerned with how they appear in front of other people. Adolescents may experiment with different roles, activities, and behaviors. According to Erikson, this is important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life but there is possible identity disturbance on the part of the child, changes on the social relationship primarily on the peer group and family, emphasis on the peer preferences and social interactions. These are the following psychosocial changes undergone by the Adolescents during the fifth stage of Psychosocial Development according to Erik Erickson: a. Independence: Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, and housing. b. Family and Friends Relationships: Adolescence is often a time when the values and behaviors of young people are said to become increasingly distant and detached from those of their parents and other adults. Generational Stake: Adolescents have a stake in believing that their parents are limited, old-fashioned, and out of touch. This divergence happens with good reason; a Adolescents do need to break free from their parents to find their own way. Peer Relationship Relations with peers are vital to the transition from childhood to adulthood. There are four special, constructive functions performed by peer relationships: Pubertal self-help – Adolescents find friends where they can adapt the consecutive changes happening to their development and physical changes in their body. Social support – Adolescents seeks protection against and confusion at their age level experiencing the same developmental changes from childhood to adulthood Identity formation – Adolescents’ tend to have friends that would be having the same characteristics that would mirror and clarify his or her Identity. c. Exploration of Identity: Explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity. The goal of many teens is to establish an identity. Identity Achievement: Erickson’s term for attainment of identity-ideally established by reconsidering the goals and values set by the parents and culture, then accepting some and rejecting others. Three specific aspects areas of identity achievement follow in this study: 1. Ethnic (Cultural) 2. Gender 3. Group CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Specifically, the research will answer the following questions in this study: HYPOTHESIS The following null hypotheses were tested in this study. There is no significant relationship between: 1. There is no significant relationship between the Family System and the Psychosocial Development of the respondents. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Research indicates that the development of a child’s behavior is strongly influenced by how well his or her family functions. It is during this time that children are dependent upon adults to meet their needs that their concept of the importance of family develops. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of awareness of family influences on the well-being of a child. The research aims to know how the members of the family affect each others thoughts, feelings, and actions; how they interact with other people and how they function as a family. This paper will provide explanations of high school student’s behavior and emotionality when it comes to their families and peers. The survey instrument used in this study requested demographic data. Research limitations/implications – Research, teaching and practice must be conducted with the recognition of the family system relative to the student’s progress in the school. Social implications – Recognizing the family system for its unique social contributions will have impact on future research, teaching, and practice. Originality/value – This review of previous research offers researchers a broader and comprehensive view of the family system, and their respective interactions. Researchers, educators, and practitioners will benefit from this paper. To the Parents, this research will aim to help the family develop a much broader understanding of the child. It will also give benefits on how to guide the child on their crucial stages in life. To the Teachers, this research will be of help for giving the child a much clearer view of his surroundings. It will surely help teachers in nurturing or developing a child’s personality or behavior inside the classroom. In understanding the current developmental changes the students are undergoing, the teacher will have a clearer view of the nature of his students. To the future researchers. The research of the study will hopefully become the guidelines of the future researchers that will provide them the data and information related to their present future research work. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS This study is limited only to Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus at Sta. Mesa Manila during the academic year 2012-2013. The well-known psychologist, Eric Erikson, said that adolescence needs help to cope with their struggles to know who they are, what they are and what they will become if they are to establish a clear sense of identity. This study will help students of same age and educational attainment to determine the role of their family into their lives and their psychosocial factors determining identity and relationships as they go through their adolescent years. Determining the factors of family system to the psychosocial development of the students is the focus of this research. The information needed will be gathered using the survey questionnaire. All information and conclusion drawn from this study were obtained only to this particular group of students. DEFINITION OF TERMS Authoritative approach Best form of classroom management style, it is the one most closely associated with appropriate student behaviors. Authority:The power to determine, adjudicate, or otherwise settle issues or disputes; jurisdiction; the right to control, command, or determine. Bumps: To demote, promote or dismiss Collaborative approach:A situation in which to or more people learn or attempt to learn something together. Demographic data:Relating to the dynamic balance of population especially with regard to density and capacity for expansion or decline. Distressed: Suffering from anxiety, sorrow or pain Experiential Education:A philosophy of education that describes the process that occurs between a teacher and a student that infuses direct experiences with the learning environment and content. Family System Theory:Suggest that individuals cannot be understood in isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family, as the family is an emotional unit. Gradual change:Process occurs in small stages over a long period of time, rather than suddenly. Ideology:A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a political economic or other system. International System: A complete, coherent system of units used for scientific work, in which fundamental quantities are length, time, electric current, temperature, luminous intensity, amount of substance and mass. IT Specialist:Specialist typically focus on a specific computer network, database or system administration function. Lessening: To reduce in size, extent or degree. Predecessor:One that precedes; especially: a person who has previously occupied a position or office to which another has succeeded. Progressive Education:A reaction against the traditional style of teaching which teaches facts largely at the expense of understanding what is being taught. Psychosocial Development: How a person’s mind, emotions, and maturity level develop throughout the course of their lifetime. Self-Evaluation:A process in which an individual rates the quality of his or her own work. Technical Development:Application of knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to changing and manipulating the human environment. Vital:Fundamentally concerned with or affecting life or living beings: as (1) : tending to renew or refresh the living invigorating (2) : destructive to life: mortal Virtuoso:A person who has special knowledge or skill in a field. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE FOREIGN LITERATURE According to Gavazzi and Sabatelli (2003) the measures of family system patterns of interaction and the individuation process were examined as mediators of psychosocial development in a sample of college students. Included is an initial exploration into the construction and development of self-report, paper-and-pencil instruments designed to measure the two exceedingly complex constructs of differentiation and individuation. Indicators of family conflict, parental intrusiveness, and psychological interconnectedness were found to be significant predictors of psychosocial maturity, supporting the theoretical expectation that distance regulation patterns indicative of well differentiated families and age-appropriate manifestations of the individuation process would be independently and interactively related to psychosocial adaptation. Also, the exploration of gender-related differences revealed that males were significantly more financially and psychologically independent from family members than were females but did not differ on any of the other family system and individual variables explored. According to Martire and Schulz (2000) Interactions with close family members have consequences for the emotional and physical well-being of individuals who are dealing with a chronic physical illness. Therefore, inclusion of a close family member in psychosocial interventions for chronic illnesses is a logical treatment approach that has the potential to boost the effects of intervention on the patient and also beneï ¬ t the family member. However, randomized, controlled studies indicate that such family-oriented interventions generally have small effects. The efficacy of these treatment approachesmight be enhanced by targeting specific interactions that emerging research identifies as promoting or derailing healthy behaviors and by better incorporating strategies from family caregiver interventions. In addition, family oriented interventions should be more fully evaluated, by assessing the benefits for both patients and family members. Future research in this area can tell us much about how and when to involve family in treatment of specific chronic illnesses and, in turn, may inform conceptual models of the impact of family interactions on health. Psychosocial or behavioral interventions for chronic illness, such as patient education, support groups, and cognitive behavioral therapies, have been shown to have effects on health and emotional well-being that surpass improvements attained with usual medical care alone (i.e., medication or surgery). Because of the links between family relationships and chronic illness management, some researchers have incorporated a close family member such as the spouse in these interventions. The rationale for involving a family member in treatment can be found in the bio psychosocial model of health and illness and specific marital and family-systems frameworks. These conceptual models and frameworks have been supported by empirical evidence showing that close social relationships, especially the marital relationship, affect biological systems, health behaviors, and psychological well-being. In the book of Jossey Bass; â€Å"The health of adolescents: Undertaking and facilitating biological, bahavioral and social development.†(1992) On the third chapter of the book there discussed the psychosocial changes in the development of an adolescent. It is included the Psychosocial Development of the Adolescent, during the entire process of maturation and separation-individuation, the adolescent has a personal set of task to be accomplished in the service of identity formation. During early adolescence, the intensity and exclusivity of earlier attachments to the parents begin to give away. At a time of increased urges and physiological readiness for erotic aggressive action, closeness to family members can be quite threatening. While an expanded peer life and increased social activities facilitate distancing. In the book titled; â€Å"Influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of early adolescence† by Diana Baumrind suggested the convincing links between parenting styles and the effects these styles have on children that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. There are four kinds of parenting. First is the Authoritarian parenting; In this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning behind these rules. These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. According to Baumrind, these parents â€Å"are obedience- and status-oriented, and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation.† Second is the Authoritative Parenting; like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, these parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Baumrind suggests that these parents â€Å"monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct. They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are supportive, rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, and self-regulated as well as cooperative† Third is the Permissive Parenting; Permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents rarely discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents â€Å"are more responsive than they are demanding. They are nontraditional and lenient, do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation† (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a friend more than that of a parent. Lastly is the Uninvolved Parenting; an uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. While these parents fulfill the child’s basic needs, they are generally detached from their child’s life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. In the book titled; â€Å"Child Development. 8th ed. United States of America: Pearson Education, Inc.† By Berk Laura stated that Child development that occurs from birth to adulthood was largely ignored throughout much of history. Children were often viewed simply as small versions of adults and little attention was paid to the many advances in cognitive abilities, language usage, and physical growth that occurs during childhood and adolescence. An understanding of child development is essential, allowing us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social and educational growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. Some of the major theories of child development are known as grand theories; they attempt to describe every aspect of development, often using a stage approach. Others are known as mini-theories; they instead focus only on a fairly limited aspect of development, such as cognitive or social growth. Theorist Erik Erikson also proposed a stage theory of development, but his theory encompassed human growth throughout the entire human lifespan. Erikson believed that each stage of development was focused on overcoming a conflict. For example, the primary conflict during the adolescent period involves establishing a sense of personal identity. Success or failure in dealing with the conflicts at each stage can impact overall functioning. During the adolescent stage, for example, failure to develop an identity results in role confusion. Learn more about this theory in this article on Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. LOCAL LITERATURE As further discussed in the book, Family: The Seat of Education, the home is the natural school for the child. Because it is the parents who brought their children to the world, it is the natural right and duty of the parents to provide their children with good education so that they may achieve the purpose for which they were created. The home is the best school and the parents are the best teacher for their children. Because of the necessity of education in the home, it is important that the parents realize how grave her obligation is, and not to neglect it or perform it with indifference. It is said that â€Å"the mother’s heart is the child’s schoolroom.† Napoleon is said to have exclaimed that: â€Å"The future destiny of the child is always the work of the mother.† The Filipino Family: a spectrum of Views and Issues, Perez (1995) wrote that: The family is still the basic building-block of Philippine society. No less than the Constitution of the Republic has expressed this. The family provides the average Filipino with a stable reservoir of emotional security and support. Children are expected to seek parental advised and guidance on matters that deal with their future. If a child is born the eldest, he behaves and interacts with his parents and siblings in the capacity and not in any other way, insofar as son-parent and other older-younger sibling relationship are concerned. According to Ms. Vicky Cantada (2002), a Center for Family Ministries (CeFam) counselor, the development of emotional quotient of children depends on how emotionally intelligent their parents oare. â€Å"You cannot teach a child to be emphatic if the mother or father themselves do not have empathy.† She also cited elements for good parenting: Focus Time and Effort. Children can easily pick up feelings and moods, whether they are of low or high intelligence and it depends upon the parents on how they will be able to become role models to their children. However, it does not follow that if a child has a high IQ she will have a high EQ or vice versa. There are other factors that lead to a child’s IQ and EQ. Ms. Cantada discussed the five hallmarks of emotional intelligence and it consists of the responsibilities of the parents in instilling to their children the self-awareness, managing emotions, self-maturation empathy, and managing relationships. Parents should be emotionally intelligent themselves, for them to teach how to become one to their children. For if not, the children will grow up as emotionally immature as their parents were.It emphasized the role of parents in the emotional growth of their children. Parenting styles thus, will come in clearly, as to how their styles will be effective in raising emotionally intelligent children. In the book titled; â€Å"Sociology, Culture and Family Planning (A Conceptual, Experiential and Interactive Approach) by Wilfredo R. San Juan el al. in Chapter 21 of his book that humankind’s most basic and oldest social unit is the family.. It is a social institution primarily established by society to ensure its continuity and to regulate the sexual behavior of its members, since the infant is born helpless and dependent; the family has been socially constructed to insure that there will be adult members who will look after the infant’s biological and emotional nurturance and safety. The family is the primary group where the child is initially socialized and initiated in the ways of life of his group. The family provides the child’s social, psychological, and emotional needs – warmth, intimacy, affection, nurturance, care and security. Thus, the family has been called the â€Å"then nursery of human nature.† Delicate and fragile as he is, so that he is better equipped with knowledge and adaptive skills before he is â€Å"transplanted† to the more or less inhospitable forces of the bigger society. Mona Gonzales (1995) shared â€Å"Our words carry enormous power and in dealing with our children it is necessary that we separate what’s helpful from what’s harmful. Contrary to the maxim that a parent should always be consistent, especially in disciplining their child, they say it is all right to change your mind and live more in terms of your genuine feelings of the moment. Contrary to the belief that parents know what’s best for their children, it is all right to let a child make his own decisions however tedious the process may seem. For you are preparing him for future independence. Contrary to the notion that if a child expresses strong emotions, we must tone the down they say we can acknowledge his feelings and in that way give him strength and health. The disciplinarian feels nothing is wrong with telling a child he is a liar, dumb or lazy, if what he says is the truth. This, they believe would help the child improve himself. But a child’s improvement is based on treating him as if he is already what he’s capable of becoming. Basically children are mirror images of us. Have you ever observed your three-year-old playing with her dolls? Chances are she imitates things you tell her and what you do for her. Treat your child rudely and with disrespect and she will grow up to be a spoiled brat- a smaller version of everything she picked up from you. Remember that there is such a thing as undisciplined discipline. But treat her with love and respect for her own humanity and individuality, and you will have contributed to this world a humane and strong person- a cathedral in a world of condominiums.† Since parenting has no course or degree to get enrolled to or a clear enumeration of its effects, Mr. Jaie Ferrer (2000), pointed out in his article, that, parents use a variety of techniques when it come to dealing with their children. These diverse styles have varied effects on children. Despite the differences, the general rule is for the parent to strike a balance between discipline and openness. The combination of both parental control (how restrictive parents are of their children) and parental warmth (the amount of affection and encouragement parents show them) greatly affects a child’s personality-her social competence, concept of self, level of aggression and internalization of moral values. In his book titled; â€Å"The Filipino Family by Medina T.G. According to Medina (2001), the family is a familiar topic but there is a need to step back & study it in critical & scientific lenses as personal experiences alone could be very limited & may not be representative of other families in the society. The family have certain characteristics: As a social group, it is universal. It is a significant element in man’s social life. Nowadays, changes in the family (e.g. from traditional structure to non-traditional structure as will be discussed later) are happening brought about by the changing economic climate & technological advancements but it has remained a basic institution. It is the first social group to which an individual is exposed. Family relationships last along & an â€Å"individual’s earliest & longest experience in living takes place in a family setting.† â€Å"The family affects the individual’s social values, disposition, & outlook in life. The family is thesource of the individual’s ideals, aspirations, & basic motivations.† The family is said to be the link between an individual & the larger society. In this way we can say that a person’s interaction &/or attitude inside the family unit affects or is a determinant in how that person interacts in the community that his family belongs. Logically, from the assertion above, the family is understood to provide continuity of social life.It is a major agent in the transmission of culture which also affects &/or reflects the culture of the society especially the individual. LOCAL STUDIES In the study titled; â€Å"Parenting Practices That Help Promote The Development Of Positive Social Behavior Among Preschool Children Wthin The family.† by an MA Psychologist Maria Perlita Embuscao De Leon of the College of Psychology of the University of the Philippines. The research used data from fifteen 2-parent families residing in a community located in Dalandan, Valenzuela City, with at least two children and one of whom is between the ages 3 to 6 years. There were also certain socialization patterns within the family system that may either promote or hamper the development of the social behaviors among the preschool children. The particular focus of the research include from (1) to identify the behaviors which parents define as prosaically, to explore the parent’s perception about their roles, influences, and parenting practices in teaching social behavior to their preschool children, to discuss socialization patterns within the family that help promote the development of positive social behavior among preschool children and to determine ideas, options, and feelings of the preschool children in the manner by which they are being disciplined and taught positive social behaviors. The research utilized a classic minuets no graphic approach which allowed for a 6-month home visit. Finally, face-to-face interviews were also conducted with the parents of those families. The finding of the research suggest that the local concept that is best related to social behaviot is â€Å"mabuting asal† which is also an umbrella term that covers not only prosocial attitudes, but also other positive social bahaviors such as having love of God, having integrity, being responsible, and studying well. The parents also believe that children are naturally naive, passive, forgetful, thus their primary role in developing prosocial bavior to their childrn is to teach them proper rules of behavior, to model to their young ones what proer behaviors are, and to remind them constantly of what to do and what not to do. The findings further suggest that the microystem of the home, specifically the parent’s own influence to their childrn, is believed to be the environment which best promotes the development of positive social behavior among young children. There were also identified elements in the microsystem of the neighborhood which both facilitat and inhibit the development of proper social conduct. In the research titled â€Å"The Effect of Family size on Parenting Behavior and Child Development† by Rachel Ann Rosales Parr the study pointed concerns in investigating th relationship between the varialble family size or the numvber of the members of the family and the level of development of a child living in a local setting where the family incom is on or below the poverty treshold. The study looked into â€Å"parental bahavior† as a posssible moderating variable in the relationship between family size and child development. This study shows that that a larger family could imply more children competing for parental time and resources (which are assumed to be scarce); thus adversely affecting the level of development of a child. Studies also exist suggesting a negative correlation between childrens’s intelligence are not necessary at-risk for developmenta set-backs. In the study titled; â€Å"Family and Peer Influence on Adjustment among Chinese, Filipino and White Youth† by an associate Professor named Mayumi Anne Willgerodt. The study focused on the issue of the parent adolescent relationship. Little is known about the influence of parent-adolescent relationships and peer behavior on emotional distress and risky behaviors among Asian American adolescents; in particular, cross-cultural and longitudinal examinations are missing from the extant research. The objective of the study is to test and compare a theoretic model examining the influence of family and peer factors on adolescent distress and risky behavior over time, using a nationally representative sample of Chinese, Filipino, and White adolescents. Data was utilized from Waves I (1994) and II (1995) of the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health; the sample comprised 194 Chinese, 345 Filipino and 395 White adolescents and weighted to correct for design effects, yielding a nationally representative sample. Structural equation modeling was used to test the theoretic model for each ethnic group separately, followed by multiple group analyses. The result of the study gained useful and quality informations. The measurement model was examined for each ethnic group, using both unweighted and weighted samples and were deemed equivalent across groups. Tests of the theoretic model by ethnicity revealed that for each group, family bonds have significant negative effects on emotional distress and risky behaviors. For Filipino and White youth, peer risky behaviors influenced risky behaviors. Multiple group analyses of the theoretic model indicated that the three ethnic groups did not differ significantly from one another. Findings suggest that family bonds and peer behavior exert significant influences on psychological and behavioral outcomes in Asian American youth and that these influences appear to be similar with White adolescents. Future research should be directed towards incorporating variables known to contribute to the impact of distress and risky behaviors in model testing, and validating findings from this study. In the study title, â€Å"Family Resilience and Filipino Immigrant families: Navigating the adolescence life-stage conducted by Jacqueline de Guzman, the study investigated the cultural family contexts of Filipino Immigrants families and their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development. The systems theory of family resiliency served as a framework to interpret how Filipino mothers experiences and navigated these challenges. Using qualitative approach, 20 Filipino mothers of adolescents between the ages of 13-19 years were interviewed, investigating their experiences of challenges related to adolescent development and the strategies used to overcome these challenges. Discussions of these topics correspond with the systems of theory of family resilience. Overall, the implications of the study reinforce the usefulness of resilience-oriented paradigm to understand how immigrant families mobilize cultural resources during difficult challenges to foster family empowerment and strengthen family relations. FOREIGN STUDIES In the study on Rebecca Ann Branton of the Roehampton University titled â€Å"How old: Looking at young children’s development.†, This case study relates to academic literacy in the following ways understand the expectations and requirements of the study of childhood (including the need to recognize and apply different perspectives) recognize and articulate theoretical expectations, models and requirements and apply them to the study of childhood. Develop skills in critical listening, reading and analysis of text and data, the development of argument and the communication of text, data and analysis in written and spoken form develop the capacity for intellectual enquiry and critical autonomy which enables students to form their own views and locate themselves within the range of perspectives and practices encountered in the study of childhood. This study tried to achieved the activities in which in doing this activity with students, this study is trying to achieve a number of things: To highlight students’ awareness of the parts played by social and cultural experiences, both for children’s development, and for the ways in which their own values and beliefs have been influenced by their cultural backgrounds and experiences. To support students’ understanding that published guides to development, such as Sheridan (1997) can only give a broad indication, and may be unhelpful if, as Arnold (1999:34)* suggests, ‘There can be a tendency, when considering norms to see them as outcomes to be achieved’ and as judgements of a particular child. To highlight the idea that children’s development is not smooth or orderly, and each child does not make progress like climbing the rungs of a ladder. To support a view of young children as competent, skilful and very complex. To focus on what young children can do rather than on what they can’t. To support the first-hand experience element of the module, by encouraging students to focus on what they actually see rather than on norms of behaviour against which they map children’s achievements. In a recent study of Kenneth G. Langone titled; â€Å"A Family Systems Perspective† of the Foreign Study from the School of Medicine of the New York University. This study is focused on family systems perspective which reflects a shift in our understanding of human behavior. This shift is from a search for a single cause or chain of causes within an individual resulting in a behavior, to understanding the behavior as having multiple causes. Behavior both shapes and is shaped by the context in which it occurs. Family therapists do see behavior as reflecting the individual child’s internal makeup, including genetic factors. These are constantly influenced by the child’s experiences in the environment and the major systems or ecology, in which he lives, (for most children the family and school). But family therapists also see children’s behavior as influencing the way that the environment responds to them, in turn influencing the children’s response. Family systems therapists believe that these patterns of mutual influence can be repetitive from generation to generation and can generalize to different settings because people tend to re-enact family patterns. Families influence their children’s development in many areas – their cognitive and academic skills, speech and language ability, behavior and social competence. Families also have an opportunity to help with the additional challenges faced by children with emotional and behavioral difficulties. Family-oriented therapy, whether used as the primary treatment or in combination with other treatments, such as medication, behavioral management programs, cognitive behavior therapy, educational assistance, and other modalities, has been successful in treating a range of emotional, behavioral, academic and psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Family therapy enables families to recognize how the entire family is impacted when a child has a problem. By facilitating a climate of family support and education, family therapy helps family members understand interrelated problems, communicate more effectively with each other, and work cooperatively to generate strategies to help the child. In this issue of the NYU Child Study Center Letter, the authors describe a family systems perspective for understanding the interaction of mutual influences on sustaining family patterns, the contributions of nature and nurture in problem formation, and the ways in which family therapists work to engage the family as a team for problem solving. In the study titled; â€Å"The psychosocial adjustment of maltreated children: Methodological limitations and guidelines for future research† by Vivian Shaw Lamphear, M.A. Several empirical studies on the impact of maltreatment on children’s psychosocial adjustment were recently reviewed in this journal [1]. Following a brief overview of the findings from that article, the present paper summarizes the methodological limitations of the studies reviewed and discusses guidelines for future research in this area. In order to advance knowledge of child maltreatment squeal, we suggest future studies should include the following: (1) precise operational definitions of maltreatment; (2) adequate verification of the absence of maltreatment in the control groups: (3) identification and control of maltreatment covariates; and (4) consideration of subjects’ age in group assignment. Future investigations should also employ more longitudinal research designs and give more attention to the treatment needs of the child. The study â€Å"The impact of family and peer differentiation levels on adolescent psychosocial development and problematic behaviors† by Stephen M. Gavazzi PhD, Dawn E. Goettler MS, Scott P. Solomon MS, Patrick C. McKenry PhD examined the impact of family differentiation and peer differentiation levels on adolescent problematic behaviors and psychosocial maturity. Differentiation levels were assessed dyadic ally in both the family and peer systems. Results revealed family differentiation to be the sole predictor of adolescent problematic behavior. Additional regression analysis indicated that peer differentiation was a significant predictor of psychosocial maturity, along with the significant impact of adolescent gender and age. Family X Peer interaction terms were not significant predictors of either adolescent personal adjustment variable. Results, which display both consistencies and variations with the findings of previous research, are discussed in terms of their clinical implications. In the study titled; â€Å"Perceived family Interactions and Psychosocial Development of Family Members† by Olga PoljÃ… ¡ak Ã…  kraban stated that differences between the parents’ and the adolescent daughters’ perception of family interactions (relating to important qualities of parenting and the family competence) in the period of childhood and adolescence, as well as their connectedness to the psychosocial development of family members (especially adolescent daughters). The research is based on Beavers’ (Beavers & Hampson, 1993) systems model of family functioning and Erikson’s (1980) theory of psychosocial development. The research included two-parent families of female adolescents. The main findings of the research are that daughters and their parents perceive the interactions in the family system differently. The daughters’ evaluations were the lowest, i.e., the most critical. All family members experienced a drop in the quality of interaction during adolescence. In terms of perceiving family interaction, the families became clearly divided on the competence continuum into two groups. Correlations between the family’s competence and the level of the adolescents’ psychosocial development were significant, albeit not high, as were the correlations between the levels of psychosocial development of the parents and the adolescents. Keywords: perceived family interactions, parenting, family competence, psychosocial development, late adolescence. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH DESIGN The descriptive research method was used in this study, particularly the normative type survey. Descriptive research was used in this study. Descriptive research described the Effect of the Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the 4th years students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. In this study, it involved the description, recording, analysis and interpretation of the data. This study focused on the present prevailing conditions of the program and its beneficiaries. As described by Estolas, descriptive research is one that describes or interprets â€Å"What is†. It reveals conditions and relationship that exist or do not exist, practices that prevail or do not prevail, beliefs or points of view or attitudes that held or are not held, processes that are going on or otherwise, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. Descriptive research attempts to interpret the present. Estolas added that the purpose of these designs is to â€Å"describe† the status of the events, people or subjects as they exist. Descriptive research usually makes from type of contrast, comparison and sometimes, in carefully planned and orchestrated descriptive researches, cause and effect relationship may be established in some extent. Aquino also describes descriptive method of research as an organized attempt to analyze, interpret, and report the present status of a group. It also includes studies that seek present facts, acts, or condition or any phenomena. THE RESPONDENTS The main respondents of the study entitled â€Å"The Effect of the Family Systems to the Psychosocial Development of the adolescents.† are 4th year students of the Laboratory High School Student of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Mabini Campus during the academic year 2012-2013. Sixty respondents will be chosen by the use of random sampling. POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE As shown above, the total number of respondents was 75, with 35 Females and 35 Males. THE INSTRUMENT Polytechnic University of the Philippines COLLEGE OF EDUCATION Mabini Campus, Sta. Mesa, Manila Dear Respondents: We, the third Year students of the Bachelor in Business Teacher Education Program of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines will be conducting our research entitled â€Å"The Effects of Family System to the Psychosocial Development of the Senior PUP-LHS SY 2012-2013† We are requesting for your cooperation for the fulfillment of this study. Rest assured that all answers should be treated with confidentiality. Researchers, POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL (PUPLHS) PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT INSTRUCTION: Rank each statement by checking the column according to the following: 5- ALWAYS 4-OFTEN 3-SOMETIMES 2-SELDOM 1-NEVER (at all times) (frequently) (occasionally) (rarely) (in no means) 1. Are you close with your parents? 2. Do you spend your free time with your family? 3. Do you eat at the same time with your family? 4. Are you close with your siblings? 5. Do you have conversations during meal time with your family? 6. Does your family provide your major expenses? 7. Does your family allow you to go out with your friends 8. Does your family show concern about your problems? 9. Does your family provide rules about time limitations with your friends? 10. Does your family set rules regarding your studies at school? 11. Do you make decisions on your own? 12. Have you make decisions about your career on your own? 13. Do you consult your friends in decision making? 14. Do you ask the permission of your parents about your career in college? 15. Do you ask the view of your parent in terms of choosing your friends? 16. Do you spend more time with your friends rather than your family? 17. Do you want to spend more time at school rather than at home? 18. Do you discuss your problems with your family? 19. Do you consult your physical changes to your friends? 20. Do you spend leisure time with your friends? (hang-out, watch movies, play sports, malling,) 21. Do you spend lunch breaks with your friends? 22. Do you ask your friends for help in school works? 23. Do you share secrets with your friends? 24. Do you have conversation about school matters with your family? 25. Do you have conversation about personal and emotional matters with your friends? 26. Do spend academic group works with your friends? 27. Do you enter the same Academic Clubs with your friends? 28. Do you prefer the same type of clothing of you friends? 29. Do you hang out friends with the same gender? 30. Do have common traits with your friends? 31. Do you have the same language/dialect with your friends? 32. Does your being culturally aware equips you to reach out to the families of your friends? 33. Does understanding your own cultural identity helps you in establishing identity? 34. Do you hang-out with people who are from cultures that are different from yours? 35. Does your understanding of your own culture shapes your sense of who you are, as well as your place in home, school, and society? 36. Do you prefer spending time with girls? 37. Do you prefer spending time with boys? 38. Do you like fashion for teenage women? 39. Do you like doing household chores? 40. Are you interested in cosmetology? 41. Do you like playing sports? 42. Do you like playing online games? (Dota, RAN Online and the like) 43. Do you spend time chatting with your friends online? 44. Are you interested in men’s fashion clothing? 45. Are you interested in industrial arts? (Electricity, Wood working, Automotive, etc.) 46. Do you belong to a certain group? (Circle of friends, group organizations, community organizations, etc.) 47. Do you do the same thing what your groups are doing? 48. In decision making, do you consider your group/circle of friends? 49. Do you share your important secrets to your group? 50. Do you go to recreation areas with your friends? DATA-GATHERING PROCEDURES Through the use of the questionnaire, the data were drawn from 60 number 4th year students of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines Laboratory High School. The researchers set an appointment with the students as to the date, time, and place of the survey. Each was asked to answer the list of questions. This research, in order to obtain the desired results in relation to the objective it aims to accomplish, employed the normative-survey method which standards in this study are established in determining quality data. The facts obtained were subjected for careful classification and thorough analysis and interpretations. The data for this research were collected using a survey questionnaire. The survey was created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual questions formed by the researcher. The survey was comprised of 55 questions, which were related to the variables studied. The questionnaire was made with great care by the researcher and was drafted by the writers with the able assistance of their lead researcher who gave valuable help and suggestions for the quality of the survey. After the formulation of the questionnaire, the schedule and the distribution of the devise was acted upon. After the professor validated the questionnaire, these were distributed to the 4th year students of PUPLH – Manila. The researchers understood that people’s consciousness may also affect their honesty and effectiveness in answering the survey, and so, the researchers gave people the option of being anonymous. Participants were given time to respond and then the researchers collected the surveys. In able for the researchers to secure reliable data and facts for the study from the respondents who could understand the questions, the researcher availed the schedule which is a set of questions asked and filled by the researchers in a face to face situation. In addition, the researcher guided the students who had difficulties in understanding the questionnaire in able for the fact and data recorded were pertinent in the development of the study After all of the required number of questionnaires was answered, the researchers tabulated the data according to their profiles. A tabulation sheet was then used in order for a more systematic and organized tabulation. STATISTICAL TREATMENT After all of the desires respondents had finished answering the questionnaire made a tally of the total number of boy and girl included. The group used Stratified Random Sampling. In this sampling technique, the group got random samples in a population which was composed of several 4th year high school students in PUP Laboratory High school. From each of these sections, the sample size was drawn proportionately by 60 students. The variables given and questions were computed to identify its rank through the number of questions given. The equation used in computing the rank of the variable is as follows: In getting the sample size, the group used the Sloven’s formula which is, n= number of high school students in PUP Laboratory High school, N stands for the whole population of the 4th year High school students of PUP Laboratory High school who were enrolled in school year 2012-2013.