Impact of IT on Bank Performance

Effect of IT on Bank Performance Effect OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY ON BANKS PERFORMANCE AND CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION Theoretical Web innovation is exceptionally mainstream and has numerous advantages for the clients; anyway it does has a few components of security dangers to the bank and its clients on the loose. In this exploration work, I mean to take a gander at effect of web innovation on Bank, its representatives and the clients. All the more critically, endeavors were additionally made to examination into different dangers related with this innovation, for example, hacking, spam-email, phishing, wholesale fraud or fakes and numerous others. After basic gander at this innovation and its related dangers particularly the data fraud, two arrangements of arrangements were suggested. The principal set arrangements tended to physical access control while the subsequent perspective arrangement with confirmation through the procedure of unique mark and voice acknowledgment. 1.0 INTRODUCTION This task is attempting to assess the effect of Internet innovation on banks execution and clients fulfillment. Banking industry is the bedrock of economy, the territory of Banks will direct the condition of economy. On the off chance that it pens, so will the economy. The present worldwide economy downturn confirms this announcement. Innovation advancement like Internet is pivotal in banking framework. Exchanges worth of billions of dollars happen in seconds in the electronic circuit all through the globe (Castells, 2001). The banking and money related industry is changing itself in erratic manners (Crane and Bodies 1996). Before the rocket of innovation in banking area, the capacity of the branch was not normal for the capacity of present branch. Prior before the 1970s, the structure of the branch and capacities were like one and other. Item contributions were similarly the equivalent and branches were just road for clients to make bank exchanges. Lion's share of these banks were j ust depending on a couple of branches yet with many staff and clerks. Clients were exposed to long far off going before they could do banking exchanges. Eye to eye conventional banking was just intends to process bank credit, make lodgements and withdrawals and clients were exposed to long line in the financial corridor. Yet, the expansion in the degree of banking innovation made the banks began a procedure of transform that continue till the finish of the twentieth century. As a major aspect of procedure, numerous channels of dispersions were presented. Among these stations are Automated Teller Machine (ATM), Internet banking, Telephone banking, call-focus, electronic supports move, remote banking, and voice informing frameworks, videoconferencing and numerous others. Quick development and improvement in web innovation in the course of the most recent four decades have extraordinary effect on associations. The effect was profoundly recognizable in zone of administrations, items offering and business forms. Banks have use web innovation to cut tasks costs, increment characteristics, efficiencies and improve esteem added administrations to the clients. Additionally, interest in innovation gives upper hands to certain Banks prompting a few banks have chances to perform superior to their opponents. Banks through the development of web innovation had the option to offer better and less expensive types of assistance than customary arrangement of branch banking. Aside from these, level of banking exchanges were similarly expanded, Convenience and twenty four hours banking administrations were likewise seen in banking framework. All the more critically, the degree of correspondence inside and outside the financial condition were similarly improved, access to the correct data and high caliber of administrations were not traded off. The financial condition turned out to be all the more inviting and adaptable. Data that can just accessible through the methods for innovation turned into a significant part of the banking. Numerous individuals contended that it was advance in innovation of 1990s that made it conceivable to build up those channel of dispersions and framework that permitted the banks to render an exceptional top notch administrations. In definite examination, this exploration work evaluate a part of banking that is inadequate in Traditional Bank an internet banking and its effect on consumer loyalty and banks execution. 1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES The examination on Internet innovation in banking and acknowledgment of present day banking by clients have been seen in alternate points of view however hardly any parts of this theme are left with minimal exploratory. There is little exploration on the impacts of Internet innovation on banks benefit and clients fulfillment. Numerous scientists didn't completely concur that Internet innovation has hugely influenced the productivity level of the banks. The basis behind this is to offer a superior comprehension on how web banking is advancing. This investigation plans to accomplish the accompanying goals: 1. Examination the issue of data fraud and card authorisation 2. Assess the issue concerning lost income 3. Exploration the other work done here. 4. Proffer answer for the issue of wholesale fraud and card authorisation. 5. Actualizing arrangements and the money saving advantages 1.2 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY Banks have use web innovation to cut tasks costs, increment characteristics, efficiencies and improve esteem added administrations to the clients. Likewise, interest in innovation gives upper hands to certain Banks prompting a few banks having chances to perform superior to their opponents. This exploration work is concentrating on two significant key components which are: 1) Impact of web innovation on Bank and its clients and; 2) Associated dangers with web innovation with more accentuation on wholesale fraud 1.3 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE The normal commitments to information on this exploration work are to recognize different burglary and card authorisation, assess the issue concerning lost income and proffer answer for the issues. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW It is my goal to overview writing survey to uncover the degree of information and comprehension of individuals about wholesale fraud. Various reading material, articles and diaries web scan are utilized for this reason. Among these are: a) 50 different ways to secure your personality and your Mastercard Steve weisman The book is elegantly composed exceptionally pertinent to the examination and all around referenced. Different kinds of character robberies were talked about. It likewise clarifies that the thought process behind wholesale fraud could be for monetary benefit, retribution or noxious aim. The book goes further to recommend some security rules, for example, just the Mastercards that required ought to be conveyed in the wallet, the act of online record articulation ought to be stick to, individual data ought not be given on telephone to obscure people, destroying archives that containing individual detail after use, etc. Be that as it may, these insurance administers just tended to disconnected wholesale fraud, the issue of online data fraud or cheats which regular to Visas were not tended to by any stretch of the imagination. b) Business Information framework (Technology, Development Management) Paul, et al The book takes a gander at the issues of data fraud, brand misuse and expenses of wholesale fraud. The three issues talked about are similarly vital imperative to this examination. The book is useful for scholarly and very much referenced. As indicated by the book, â€Å"the term brand misuse is utilized to cover a wide scope of exercises, extending from offer of fake products, for instance programming applications, to abusing a notable brand name for business gain. It was additionally expressed that with respect to wholesale fraud, CIFAS(www.cifas.org), a UK-base misrepresentation avoidance administration, report that there were 80,000 instances of data fraud in the UK in 2006.The covered in the companys site demonstrated that personality extortion cost UK economy  £1.5b in 2005 and creates an income of  £10m every day for fraudsters. c) Identity robbery writing audit Graeme, R.N Megan M.M It is an elegantly composed article and similarly very much referenced. In this article, the writers concentrated on two significant issues, the first is the expense of wholesale fraud while the subsequent one spotlights on the issue of enactments. The two issues talked about are pertinent to this exploration. The creators take a gander at different character enactments went to control the violations of personality. (www.house.gov/applications/list/press/ca29schiff/062304idThef2.html). d) Enquiry in to the Visa extortion in E-installment Jithendra, D. Laxman, G In this article the writers see Visa Hacking and sorts of Mastercard fakes. This article isn't all around referenced and writers neglected to proffer satisfactory arrangements at end of the conversation. As I would like to think, the article is abundantly identified with this exploration work yet the wellsprings of archives used to compose the article can't be handily followed in light of the fact that it isn't appropriately referenced. Nonetheless, it is extremely useful perusing in understanding the foundation of the theme. e) Identity burglary and charge card extortion Sarah P. Mill operator Sarah Millers article looks at the different strategies the fraudsters use to submit charge card extortion. A portion of these strategies are; opening another credit accounts, existed accounts seizing, skimming strategy among the other. The article likewise takes a gander at different methods of assurances against Mastercard misrepresentation and think of some of safety efforts to make preparations for Visa extortion in our general public. The article is fittingly composed and exceptionally valuable for this examination. The wellspring of the article is likewise cited as http://EzinArticles.com/?expert=sarahp.miller . f) Improving reaction time of approval procedure of Mastercard framework Humid, siti Hafizan Ab It is a diary of software engineering distributed in February 1 2008. The diary talks about the issue of Visa approval process. It likewise clarifies the traps and advantages of Visa approval. The diary is very briefs about the theme however all the remarkable focuses are all around examined. It gives a site as the main source however neglect to give o

Pedagology of the Oppressed Essay

A cautious investigation of the instructor understudy relationship at any level, inside or outside the school, uncovers its in a general sense account character. The relationship includes a describing Subject (the instructor) and patient, listening objects (the understudies). The substance, regardless of whether esteems or experimental components of the real world, tend during the time spent being described to get dead and froze. Training is experiencing portrayal affliction. The instructor discusses reality as though it were unmoving, static, compartmentalized, and unsurprising. Or, in all likelihood he elucidates a theme totally strange to the existential experience of the understudies. His errand is to â€Å"fill† the understudies with the substance of his portrayal †substance which are segregated from the real world, separated from the totality that induced them and could give them essentialness. Words are purged of their solidness and become an empty, estranged, and distancing verbosity. The exceptional trait of this story training, at that point, is the resonance of words, not their changing force. â€Å"Four times four is sixteen; the capital of Parã ¡ is Belã ©m.† The understudy records, retains, and rehashes these expressions without seeing what multiple times four truly implies, or understanding the genuine criticalness of â€Å"capital† in the attestation â€Å"the capital of Parã ¡ is Belã ©m,† that is, the thing that Belã ©m implies for Parã ¡ and what Parã ¡ implies for Brazil. Portrayal (with the instructor as storyteller) drives the understudies to retain precisely the described substance. More awful yet, it transforms them into â€Å"containers,† into â€Å"receptacles† to be â€Å"filled† by the instructor. The more totally he fills the repositories, the better an instructor he is. The more quietly the repositories license themselves to be filled, the better understudies they are. Instruction in this manner turns into a demonstration of storing, in which the understudies are the vaults and the instructor is the contributor. Rather than correspondence, the educator issues communiquã ©s and makes stores which the understudies calmly get, remember, and rehash. This is the â€Å"banking† idea of instruction, in which the extent of activity permitted to the understudies expands just to the extent accepting, recording, and putting away the stores. They do, it is valid, have the chance to become authorities or cataloguers of the things they store. Be that as it may, in the last investigation, it is men themselves who are recorded through the absence of imagination, change, and information in this, (best case scenario) confused framework. For separated from request, aside from the praxis, men can't be genuinely human. Information develops just through innovation and re-creation, through the anxious, fretful, proceeding, cheerful request men seek after on the planet, with the world and with one another. In the financial idea of instruction, information is a blessing offered by the individuals who see themselves as proficient upon those whom they consider to know nothing. Anticipating a flat out numbness onto others, a trait of the belief system of mistreatment, refutes training and information as procedures of request. The instructor introduces himself to his understudies as their essential inverse; by thinking about their obliviousness supreme, he legitimizes his own reality. The understudies, distanced like the slave in the Hegelian rationalization, acknowledge their obliviousness as legitimizing the teacher’s presence †at the same time, in contrast to the slave, they never find that they instruct the educator. The raison d’ã ªtre of libertarian instruction, then again, lies in its drive towards compromise. Training must start with the arrangement of the instructor understudy logical inconsistency, by accommodating the shafts of the inconsistency so both are all the while educators and understudies. This arrangement isn't (nor would it be able to be) found in the financial idea. Actually, banking training keeps up and even animates the inconsistency through the accompanying mentalities and practices, which reflect abusive society in general: a) the educator instructs and the understudies are instructed; b) the instructor knows it all and the understudies know nothing; c) the instructor thinks and the understudies are pondered; d) the instructor talks and the understudies listen †quietly; e) the instructor disciplines and the understudies are trained; f) the instructor picks and upholds his decision, and the understudies agree; g) the educator demonstrations and the understudies have the hallucination of acting through the activity of the instructor; h) the instructor picks the program content, and the understudies (who were not counseled) adjust to it; I) the instructor befuddles the authority of information with his own proficient position, which he sets contrary to the opportunity of the understudies; j) the instructor is the Subject of the learning procedure, while the students are simple articles. It isn't astonishing that the financial idea of training sees men as versatile, sensible creatures. The more understudies work at putting away the stores depended to them, the less they build up the basic cognizance which would result from their intercession on the planet as transformers of that world. The more totally they acknowledge the inactive job forced on them, the more they tend essentially to adjust to the world all things considered and to the divided perspective on reality saved in them. The ability of banking instruction to limit or invalidate the ‘students’ imaginative force and to animate their credulity serves the premiums of the oppressors, who care neither to have the world uncovered nor to see it changed. The oppressors utilize their â€Å"humanitarianism† to safeguard a productive circumstance. Therefore they respond intuitively against any investigation in instruction which invigorates the basic resources and isn't content with a fractional perspective on the real world yet consistently searches out the ties which interface one point to another and one issue to another. To be sure, the interests of the oppressors lie in â€Å"changing the cognizance of the persecuted, not the circumstance which abuses them†;[1] for the more the mistreated can be directed to adjust to that circumstance, the more effectively they can be overwhelmed. To accomplish this end, the oppressors utilize the financial idea of instruction related to a paternalistic social activity mechanical assembly, inside which the persecuted get the indirect title of â€Å"welfare recipients.† They are treated as individual cases, as negligible men who go amiss from the general setup of a â€Å"good, composed, and just† society. The mistreated are viewed as the pathology of the solid society, which should hence alter these â€Å"incompetent and lazy† people to its own examples by changing their mindset. These marginals should be â€Å"integrated,† â€Å"incorporated† into the sound society that they have â€Å"forsaken.† In all actuality, in any case, that the abused are not â€Å"marginals,† are not men living â€Å"outside† society. They have consistently been â€Å"inside† †inside the structure which made them â€Å"beings for others.† The arrangement isn't to â€Å"integrate† them into the structure of persecution, however to change that structure so they can become â€Å"beings for themselves.† Such change, obviously, would sabotage the oppressors’ purposes; consequently their use of the financial idea of instruction to maintain a strategic distance from the danger of understudy conscientizacä o. The financial way to deal with grown-up instruction, for instance, will never propose to understudies that they basically think about the real world. It will manage such essential inquiries as whether Roger gave green grass to the goat, and demand the significance of discovering that, in actuality, Roger gave green grass to the hare. The â€Å"humanism† of the financial methodology veils the push to transform men into robots †the very invalidation of their ontological business to be all the more completely human. They may see through their relations with reality that the truth is actually a procedure, experiencing steady change. In the event that men are searchers and their ontological job is adaptation, sometime they may see the logical inconsistency where banking instruction tries to look after them, and afterward draw in themselves in the battle for their freedom. However, the humanist, progressive teacher can't trust that this chance will appear. From the beginning, his endeavors must concur with those of the understudies to take part in basic reasoning and the journey for shared adaptation. His endeavors must be pervaded with a significant trust in men and their imaginative force. To accomplish this, he should be an accomplice of the understudies in his relations with them. The financial idea doesn't admit to such organization †and essentially so. To determine the educator understudy logical inconsistency, to trade the job of contributor, prescriber, domesticator, for the job of understudy among understudies is sabotage the intensity of persecution and serve the reason for freedom. Understood in the financial idea is the presumption of a division among man and the world: man is only on the planet, not with the world or with others; man is observer, not re-maker. In this view, man is certifiably not a cognizant being (corpo consciente); he is fairly the owner of ÃŽ ± awareness: a void â€Å"mind† inactively open to the gathering of stores of reality from the world outside. For instance, my work area, my books, my espresso mug, all the articles before me †as bits of the world which encompasses me †would be â€Å"inside† me, precisely as I am inside my examination at the present time. This view sees no difference amongst being open to awareness and entering cognizance. The qualification, nonetheless, is basic: the articles which encompass me are basically available to my cognizance, not situated inside it. I am mindful of them, however they are not inside me. It

The Missing Watch

The Missing Watch There once was a farmer who discovered that he had lost his watch in the barn. It was no ordinary watch because it had sentimental value for him.After searching high and low among the hay for a long while; he gave up and enlisted the help of a group of children playing outside the barn.He promised them that the person who found it would be rewarded. Hearing this, the children hurried inside the barn, went through and around the entire stack of hay but still could not find the watch. Just when the farmer was about to give up looking for his watch, a little boy went up to him and asked to be given another chance.The farmer looked at him and thought, “Why not? After all, this kid looks sincere enough.”So the farmer sent the little boy back in the barn. After a while the little boy came out with the watch in his hand! The farmer was both happy and surprised and so he asked the boy how he succeeded where the rest had failed.The boy replied, “I did nothing but sit on the ground and listen. In the silence, I heard the ticking of the watch and just looked for it in that direction.”Author UnknownA peaceful mind can think better than a worked up mind. Allow a few minutes of silence to your mind every day, and see, how sharply it helps you to set your life the way you expect it to be!

Essay about Criminal Law and The War on Drugs - 1701 Words

Criminal Law and The War on Drugs These records of wars, intrigues, factions, and revolutions, are so many collections of experiments, by which the politician or moral philosopher fixes the principles of his science, in the same manner as the physician or natural philosopher becomes acquainted with the nature of plants, minerals, and other external objects, by the experiments which he forms concerning them. (David Hume.)2 Our long armed and hairy ancestors had no idea of redress beyond vengeance, or of justice beyond mere individual reprisal.3 To determine what constitutes criminal law, is, as one learned judge has opined, a work of art, it is something that may be easier to recognize than define ...4†¦show more content†¦That effect may be in relation to social, economic or political interests; and the legislature has had in mind to suppress the evil or to safeguard the interest threatened.8 And further, it cannot be neither a static catalogue of offences nor order of sanctions. The evolving and transforming types and patterns of social and economic activities are constantly calling for new penal controls and limitations and that new modes of enforcement and punishment adapted to the changing conditions are not to be taken as being equally within the ambit of parliamentary power is, in my opinion, not seriously arguable.9 In the relatively recent case of RJR - Macdonald v. Canada (1995), the Supreme Court of Canada, it was determined that the exercise of the power to make an act a criminal one, a test is to be applied; one of substance, not form.10 To be fully fledged criminal law, the act prohibited must pose a significant, grave and serious risk of harm to public health, morality, safety or security ... And, so, how does this established judicial view apply to the business of keeping in check those substances which may prove to be harmful to the individuals who misuse them? As to the nature of the various illegitimate drugs and their effect on human beings -- well, I shall have to leave that to the medical doctors; but, I just simply wonder, what is so wrong withShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs And The United States1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe War on Drugs has become an epidemic today afflicting United States and the United Nations; which are swayed by global drug laws which preserve the criminal justice system. These new laws promote an ineffective policies on the war on drug. Therefore, communities are locked while the promotion of illicit drugs becomes the dominate framework to organized crimes. Today, the war on drugs continues to be an ongoing battle within our society. This paper will examine these issues focusing primarily onRead MoreThe War On Drugs And The United States1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe War on Drugs has become an epidemic today afflicting United States and the United Nations; which are swayed by global drug laws which preserve th e criminal justice system. These new laws promote an ineffective policy on the war on drug. Therefore, communities are locked while the promotion of illicit drugs becomes the dominate framework to organized crimes. Today, the war on drugs continues to be an ongoing battle within our society. This paper will examine these issues focusing primarily onRead MoreEssay on The Failure of the War on Drugs1025 Words   |  5 Pagespolicymakers and law enforcement officials stepped up efforts to combat the trafficking and use of illicit drugs. 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The drug war is aimed to catch the big-time dealers, but the majority of the people arrested are not charged with serious offenses, and most of the people who are in prison today for drug arrests, haveRead MoreIllegal Drugs And The United States969 Words   |  4 Pagesthe U.S. constantly demands these drugs and our hunger is enormous. 1.1. Sources of Illegal Drugs and how they enter the U.S. The Mexicans may be one of the top International drug traders in the world and one of the most influential distributors to the United States but they have many competitors, all going after the money and what they might referred to, as one of their biggest consumers. There are many different groups that circulate and distribute illegal drugs to and in the United States. According

Circular Economy Conceptualization, Fundamental Principles...

Faced with the evidence, that finite resources are being depleted; that we are using more than we can replace (D. Meadows et al. 1972); and that climate change is likely to worsen the situation for many people of the world (Stott et al. 2010), business models have to change toward a more sustainable way of living, manufacturing and consuming; moving away from neoclassical industrial approaches. This represent the need for a fundamental conceptual shift away from current ‘take-make-dispose’ system, which generate toxic, one-way, ‘cradle-to-grave’ material flows, moving toward a ‘cradle-to-cradle’ system that can be conceptualized and represented in the Circular Economy; integrating economic activity and environmental welfare in a sustainable way. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to concentrate on circular economy conceptualization, fundamental principles and design process. Exploring some of the strengths and weaknesses in its application in contemporary business practice, that assisted in proposing and identifying five business models that can contribute in realizing circular businesses using recent case studies. Showing that potential sustainable development contributions can be gained, but substantive revision aspects are recommended, due to the lack of concerns related to barriers and other factors discussed on the implementation. Conceptualizations of the Circular Economy â€Å"When one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world.† ThisShow MoreRelatedManaging Non Profit Organisations7701 Words   |  31 Pagesnormative dimension that includes not only economic aspects but also the importance of values and politics; a strategic-developmental dimension that sees organisations as evolving systems encountering problems and opportunities that frequently involve fundamental dilemmas; and an operative dimension that deals with the everyday functioning of organisations. In a third part, the paper presents the basic contours of an analytic approach that tries to accommodate the distinct management challenges faced byRead MoreManagerial Accounting Research Paper11042 Words   |  45 Pages(TQM) business philosophy of satisfying the customer with quality goods and services, reducing waste and empowering workers and suppliers is a method to achieve those goals. 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ChapterRead MoreCsr Communication in the Pharma Industry35538 Words   |  143 Pagespages). 4 CSR COMMUNICATION IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY Josà © Javier Levrino Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore how companies within the pharmaceutical industry manage their CSR strategy and communication. Design/Methodology/Approach: Given the objectives and nature of the research, this investigation is guided by a hermeneutics scientific paradigm. Approached from a critic-interpretative perspective, the first part of this study proposes a theoretical framework

Ethanol Fuel Free Essays

Ethanol fuel  is  ethanol  (ethyl alcohol). Ethanol, also called  ethyl alcohol,  pure alcohol,  grain alcohol, or  drinking alcohol, is a  volatile,  flammable, colorless liquid. A  psychoactive drug  and one of the oldestrecreational drugs  known, ethyl alcohol produces a state known as  alcohol intoxication  when consumed. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethanol Fuel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Best known as the type of  alcohol  found in  alcoholic beverages, it is also used in  thermometers, as a  solvent, and as a  fuel. In common usage, it is often referred to simply as  alcohol  or  spirits. he same type of  alcohol  found in  alcoholic beverages. It is most often used as a  motor fuel, mainly as a  biofuel  additive for  gasoline. World ethanol production for transport fuel tripled between 2000 and 2007 from 17 billion to more than 52 billion litres. From 2007 to 2008, the share of ethanol in global gasoline type fuel use increased from 3. 7% to 5. 4%. In 2011 worldwide ethanol fuel production reached 22. 36 billion  U. S. liquid gallons  (bg) (84. 6 billion liters), with the United States as the top producer with 13. bg (52. 6 billion liters), accounting for 62. 2% of global production, followed by Brazil with 5. 6 bg (21. 1 billion liters). Ethanol fuel has a â€Å"gasoline gallon equivalency† (GGE) value of 1. 5 US gallon s (5. 7  L), which means 1. 5 gallons of ethanol produce the energy of one gallon of gasoline. Ethanol fuel is widely used in  Brazil  and in the  United States, and together both countries were responsible for 87. 1% of the world’s ethanol fuel production in 2011. Most cars on the road today in the U. S. an run on  blends of up to 10% ethanol, and ethanol represented 10% of the U. S. gasoline fuel supply in 2011. Since 1976 the Brazilian government has made it mandatory to blend ethanol with gasoline, and since 2007 the legal blend is around  25% ethanol and 75% gasoline  (E25). By December 2011 Brazil had a fleet of 14. 8 million  flex-fuel automobiles and light trucksand 1. 5 million flex-fuelmotorcycles  that regularly use neat ethanol fuel (known as  E100). Bioethanol is a form of  renewable energy  that can be produced from agriculturalfeedstocks. It can be made from very common  crops  such as  sugar cane,  potato,  maniocand  corn. There has been considerable debate about how useful bioethanol will be in replacing gasoline. Concerns about its production and use relate to  increased food pricesdue to the large amount of arable land required for crops,  as well as the energy and pollution balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production, especially from corn. Recent developments with  cellulosic ethanol production and commercialization  may allay some of these concerns. How to cite Ethanol Fuel, Essay examples

Lord of the Flies Review Essay Example

Lord of the Flies Review Paper Essay on Lord of the Flies I do not think that anyone but Ralph had a chance to at least try to establish a normal, nezhestoky order. At Piggy generally no chance of at least some power to get Jacks not the character it was originally shown as a person inflexible and authoritarian. Roger has not sensed which way the wind is blowing. Simon polusvyatoy, polublazhenny also not an option. By the way, Simon the brightest person on the island, rather than Piggy A couple of words on the delegation of powers just their Ralph and delegates he named Jack on the main hunters! And where does it lead? ! In addition, the ship sailed past the The Beast feared by all, except Simon, who understands the essence of the problem initially that beast inside each of what and says the night before landing dead parachutist, but Piggy, which lasts longer than others rationalism mind. authorities Ralph was not, because Jack was not able to recognize this power. Once there are two poles that are pulling the weight, neither of which the stability can not speak, the more so in that ekstremalnoy situation in which turned out to be boys. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, we are arguing is already something not that in general, I want you to recognize that this book is not just for teens)) that there a lot of problems and those affected that it is not just a book about boys on a desert the island, and a parable, which speaks of the soul, and eternal values, and the eternal, inescapable darkness in the soul of each, and of human nature, and war, and qi ilizatsii, and about education, and about the power, and the power, and of the mind the thousands of things! This is the purpose of my comments)) (I hope everyone who can read our monologues with you, with the book already familiar with, and we with you a spoiler arranged . gt; _ Lord of the Flies Review Essay Example Lord of the Flies Review Paper Essay on Lord of the Flies Ralph poluizbrannaya democratic government. power has become the power supply to the intelligentsia (Piggy). the power of peace, not evil, but it is absolutely not capable to control and creativity. the latter, by the way, is constantly called intelligentsia (Piggy). Ralph problem is that he is for his declaration that all will be well failed to rally the team. so they did not vote for Jack because they were afraid of the main. but when Jack left free with a few lads all remaining inert mass immediately migrated to the hunting camp. again making sure that the process is not really the main upravlyaet.ne he had no state, since the state is the same its coercive apparatus. Remember? It was at that moment Simon and goes to a third party essentially Simon embodies the independent opinion and his death -. A regular event in the community they do not listen to him. Ralph, do not know him and hunters. But his news could change the whole future course of events on the island. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Jack! hard and not visionary ruler. but, in contrast, Ralph home he did not want to. him on the island was good. and his lack of foresight that own pride would not let him remain in the shadow of the main, to hunt and to be the main hunter. No, he had to take on all the power and responsibility for others as well. this is his first mistake pride. second mistake Roger behind. The fact that Jack coward. he is afraid of the beast. he was afraid to even do away with Ralph, when he came to return the Piggy Points. realizing his mistake under the gaze of Roger -one appoints hunt for Ralph. he has no way out. his fate is clear to me, and not interesting. me in spirit closest Piggy. its role would be on the island is much more noticeable and effectiveness before the split, if Ralph could have become thoroughly respected. but Ralph wimp. We do not execute any of his decision. a talking one. I could not agree with Jack. I did not give him (or as they say now is not delegated) to some of its ghostly power is essentially based on the horn and more than anything. if it were not separated, Ralph and Jack, its no Roger was not in sight, and Simon would have denounced news of the absence of the beast. But if you mentally continue the storyline on the island will be truly one Roger. this is the most probable course of events. What do you think? Lord of the Flies Review Essay Example Lord of the Flies Review Paper Essay on Lord of the Flies I do not think that anyone but Ralph had a chance to at least try to establish a normal, nezhestoky order. At Piggy generally no chance of at least some power to get Jacks not the character it was originally shown as a person inflexible and authoritarian. Roger has not sensed which way the wind is blowing. Simon polusvyatoy, polublazhenny also not an option. By the way, Simon the brightest person on the island, rather than Piggy A couple of words on the delegation of powers just their Ralph and delegates he named Jack on the main hunters! And where does it lead? ! In addition, the ship sailed past the The Beast feared by all, except Simon, who understands the essence of the problem initially that beast inside each of what and says the night before landing dead parachutist, but Piggy, which lasts longer than others rationalism mind. authorities Ralph was not, because Jack was not able to recognize this power. Once there are two poles that are pulling the weight, neither of which the stability can not speak, the more so in that ekstremalnoy situation in which turned out to be boys. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Flies Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In general, we are arguing is already something not that in general, I want you to recognize that this book is not just for teens)) that there a lot of problems and those affected that it is not just a book about boys on a desert the island, and a parable, which speaks of the soul, and eternal values, and the eternal, inescapable darkness in the soul of each, and of human nature, and war, and qi ilizatsii, and about education, and about the power, and the power, and of the mind the thousands of things! This is the purpose of my comments)) (I hope everyone who can read our monologues with you, with the book already familiar with, and we with you a spoiler arranged . gt; _ lt;)

Nothing Gets Me High Like Writing

Nothing Gets Me High Like Writing Nothing gets me high and offers relief from the suffering like blackening pages, writing.  ~Leonard Cohen This is the part of our profession that we quickly forget. The sea of authors is just that. . . an undulating sea. They rise up with glee about the release of a book. . . then slide down and bottom out when the sales arent as expected. Highs and lows, but mostly about publishing. Most of them blame someone else for their writer problems. Of late Ive seen them blame: 1) Amazon algorithms 2) Amazon promoting its own imprints before other publishers 3) Amazon allowing used book sellers to appear before new books 4) Publishers being greedy 5) Self-published authors gobbling up market share 6) Or vice versa, traditional authors gobbling up market share 7) The glut of cheap sales free, 99 cents, etc. 8) A bad editor 9) Indie bookstores not wanting indie authors And in all that blame, the writer forgets why they started writing in the first place. . . for the high of sculpting words. For the joy of designing that perfect sentence. The business side of writing is in flux, and that flux changes faster and faster. Technology and creative ideas fly like bullets as writers attempt to take advantage and break loose of the fray and be seen. . . and make sales. Fight to be different than all the other people out there writing books. If we dont constantly market, we backslide. And if we constantly market, we write less. And write less quality. Most businesses will tell you to return to the basics when things are not going well. For writers, thats writing well, writing for self, and reaching for that writing high. Sink into writing. Then when its written, come up for air and publish, because if you think about publishing before you finish the book, youll be outdated in your thinking

How to Join Your High School Newspaper 5 Great Benefits

How to Join Your High School Newspaper 5 Great Benefits SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you interested in joining your high school newspaper?Many high schools have a school paper to give students an opportunity to hone their writing skills and keep students, staff, and teachers updated on school and community news. Participating in your high school newspaper is a great way to improve your writing skills, learn more about journalism, and develop pieces you can include in your portfolio or resume.Read on to learn all you'll need to know abouthow to joinyour school newspaper, what work you’ll be doing, and how it will benefit you. What Does a HighSchool Newspaper Cover? If you join your school's newspaper, whatwill you write about? The specific topics will vary from paper to paper, but most school papers cover topics that affect the school and surrounding community. Common topics that school papers cover include: School events, such as dances, pep rallies, andassemblies School news Interviews with new students and staff School sports teams, clubs, and performing groups Community news Awards won by the school, a student, ora teacher Reviews of movies, music, and TV showsthat appeal to teenagers School advice, such as study tips and which classes to take One reason that many students enjoy being on the school paper is that they havea lot of freedom on what topicsthey’d like to cover. If you are just starting on the paper, you may be assigned articles to write about, but eventually, most writers are able to focus on topics they care about and find interesting. For example, if you enjoy sports, you may be able to write aboutthe school’s sports teams and travel to different sporting events to cover them. If you likefashion, it may be possible for you to start a column that discussescurrent clothing trends for teenagers. What Does the School Paper StaffDo? The work you doas part ofyour high school newspaper canvarywidely depending on your school and your role on the paper. Some schools offer a journalism class thatlets you work on the paper during the day and for academic credit. At other schools, the school paper is considered an extracurricular and is only done after school. Some schools let students choose what roles they’d try, others assign them or have students rotate throughout all the roles. In all cases, producing the school paper is a lot of work, and students who join it can expect to devote a significant amount of time to it in order to meet deadlines and have enough piecesready.Students often work together to brainstorm ideas and review articles before they are published, but between those times you may often find yourself working independently as you research stories, interview sources, and write up stories. The work you do for the school paper will also depend on the role you have. While most students are writers or reporters, other jobs exist as well, and they are all critical to producing a complete and high-quality school paper. Common Newspaper Jobs Writer:Writersare responsible for the majority of written contentin thenewspaper. They research and pitch story ideas, interview sources, and write articles that are then included in the school paper. Editor:After writing for awhile, you may choose to become an editor or split your duties between writing and editing.Editors are the overseers:they make sure everything in the paper is top quality.Their duties include developing ideas for new articles, approving article ideas, and editing completed piecesto ensure they are high quality and polished, as well as free of spelling and grammatical errors. Graphics and Layout:These people are responsible for the images included in the school paper and how the final product looks.This group can include photographers, who take pictures to accompany storiesandsometimes travel to get specific shots. It can also include graphic artists who design images and headers to be used in the paper. Finally, people in charge of the layout (who may also be editors) decide how the articles will be arranged, where images will be inserted, and smaller details such as margin and font size. What Are the Benefits of Joining the School Paper? There are multiple benefits to being part of your school’s newspaper, and I've listed someof the most important below. Benefit #1: Develop Your Writing Skills As you may imagine, being part of the school paper requires a lot of writing, and the regularpractice you getis one of the best ways to become a better writer.You will learn how to write clearly and concisely and get valuable feedback from your editors. Benefit #2: Learn More About Journalism Journalism involves a lot more than just writing; you also need to know how to conduct research, interview people, and find new stories to write about. Being part of the school paper introduces you to each of these components of the job. Hands-on experience is the best way to learn if journalism is something you want to continue long-term. Many students who like to write want to go into journalism, but when they experiencethe real daily life of a journalist, they realize it isn’t for them. Joiningyour school paper can help you learn early if journalism is a good fit for you. Benefit #3:IncreaseYour Confidence and Sense of Responsibility Many people find it nerve-wracking to start a conversation with a strangerand see articles they've written beprinted and distributed to people theyknow.In journalism, you’ll have to do both a lot, and by doing these things so often, they’ll eventually become second nature.Working for your school paper will often make you feel much more confident about interviewing peopleand seeing your work published. Being a journalist can also help increase your sense of responsibility because you'll bemeeting deadlines, presenting stories in an unbiased way, and respecting and listening to all the people you interview, even if they have different opinions than your own. Benefit #4: Meet New People Working on the school paper oftenrequires a largetime commitment. Because you are spending so much time working with your fellow journalists, you often form close friendships with them.Being a journalist, even just for a high school newspaper, also introduces you to a lot of people as you research stories. You will likely get to know many new people in your school and community if you stick with your paper for a while. Benefit #5: Can Strengthen Your Resume and College Applications Your school newspaper is a great extracurricular to have because it will give you numerous samples of your work that you can show to potential schools and employers. These articles also provide concrete evidence of the work you did for the newspaper. Strong writing skills are useful for many majors and careers, so even if you don’t plan to pursue a job in journalism or writing, the skills you gained while part of your school’s paper will be useful for practically any job you have in the future. Joining your high school newspaper will also give you experience in journalism and writing that can help you get an internship or a position atyour college’s paper in the future. Job experience can often be difficult for high school studentsto get, especially experience that relates to the career they’d like to pursue. By joining your school paper, you’ll be interviewing real people, writing articles that get read, and experiencing what it’s like to be a journalist, which are all great work experiences. How to Join Your High School Paper School newspapers almost always have a teacher who supervises the paper and ensures that everything is running smoothly. Your first step should be to contact them and ask how you can get involved. In some cases, you have to enroll in a high school journalism class to be part of the paper. You will receive academic credit for this, just like all your other classes, and you will work on the paper during the school day (although you will likely do work outside of school as well). For other schools, school paper is considered an extracurricular, and you will only work on it after school and not receive academic credit.Some schools require prospective journalists to show writing samples before letting them join the paper, other schools allow anyone with an interest to join. If your school requires a writing sample, you may be able to usea paper you've written for a previous class, or you can choose a story you think is interesting, such as a school dance or community event, and write a story on that. If you are unsure of who runs the school paper, ask one of your English teachers or your academic adviser. What If Your School Doesn't Have a Paper? If your school doesn’t have a newspaper, don’t worry, there are other ways for you to get journalism and writing experience. Alternative Options There are a number of other extracurriculars and activities you can try if you like writing but either aren't able to join the school newspaper or aren't sure it's right for you. Yearbook Most high schools distribute yearbooks, and many of these are designed by students. While being part of the yearbook will not involve as much writing as being part of a newspaper would, there are still many similarities between the two. Both require thinking of story ideas, developing layouts, editing, and getting quotes to include. Some yearbooks also include longer written pieces that you may be able to work on. Literary Journal Your school mayproducea literary journal in addition to or instead of a school newspaper. Literary journals often include many types of writing such as poetry, short stories, non-fiction, and humor pieces. If your school has a literary journal, it's likely that you'll be able to submit some articles similar to those you would write for a school paper. School Newsletter Even if your school doesn’t have a regular newspaper, it will likely have some sort of newsletter that it distributes to students and parents. While most of the pieces in these newsletters are about school news and upcoming events, many newsletters also include articles on topics common in school papers. Talk to someone at the school office or your academic adviserto learn if you can contribute to the newsletter. Community or Local Paper If you are unable to find an opportunity at your school, you may be able to join a paper in your community. Many places produce local papers or community newsletters, and it may be possible for you to contribute articles or do an internship at one of them to learn more about journalism. Start Your OwnSchool Newspaper You may also want to create a school newspaper if your school doesn’t already have one. While this will take a significant time commitment, it can be worth it if you’re very interested in journalism. Being the founder of the school paper also shows leadership and motivation, two qualities that colleges love to see in applicants. Follow These Steps to Get Started: Step 1:Talk to your academic adviserto learn how to start a new club or group at your school. There may be specific procedures you have to follow, and it’s best to know them before you get started. Making the club official may also give you a budget that you can use for printing fees and other expenses. Step 2:Find a teacher to supervise the paper. While students will be doing the majority of the work, most school clubs require a teacher to act as sponsor and oversee the group. If you don’t have a specific teacher in mind, ask one of your English teachers if they’d be willing to be the supervisor. Step 3:Recruit members and assign roles. Ask people you know and put up posters around the school. You’ll need writers, photographers, artists, and people with good computer skills in order to produce a complete paper. Your first issue doesn’t have to be extremely long; a few well written and edited articles with good formatting will look better than a longer paper that isn’t as polished. Step 4:Start creating! Once everyone knows what their job is, start brainstorming topics, interviewing sources, and writing articles. Step 5:Edit and assemble the paper. Check articles for spelling and grammatical errors, and decide where articles and images will be placed. Step 6:Print and distribute. Your school may allow you to print the paper for free on one of the school computers or provide you with a budget to cover printing fees. If they don't, and the cost of printing is high, you can try raising money through fundraisers such as bake sales. You may also consider distributing digital copies of the paper first. If you are printing paper versions, get permission to leave copies in the school library, computer rooms, or other areas that students frequent. Summary Joining your high school newspaper is a great way to learn about journalism and improve your writing skills. Members of the school paper have a lot of different jobs including researching new topics, conducting interviews, writing and editing stories, and taking photographs to accompany articles. Being part of your school newspaper can help you improveyour writing skills, meet new people, and give you experience to include on your resumes and college applications. To learn more about joining your school’s paper, talk to the teacher who supervises the paper or your academic adviser. They’ll be able to provide you with more information. If your school doesn’t have a paper, you can consider joining a local or community paper instead, or you can be the person to create your school’s newspaper! What's Next? Want to practice your writing more? Check out our guide to the high school English classes you should take and learn about the different writing classesthat are available Wondering why extracurricularsare important? Read our guide on what extracurriculars are and learn how they can help you get a job and get accepted into a top college! Want more ideas for after-school activities? Check out our list of hundreds of extracurricular examples, and find some that interest you! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Software - Essay Example Additionally, it is against the software piracy policy and rules those outline that a software licensing rules must be followed. In this scenario, there is a need to strictly follow these rules and regulations to avoid any legal actions. In addition, software piracy is about illegal copying a software application. It is recognized as an unethical activity that negatively affects all the users by driving up costs as well as minimizing funds for development and research of future software developments. Furthermore, it is a negative practice that is currently catching attention of software industry trade associations (National Academy of Engineering). The use of an unlicensed copy of a software application is totally illegal and unethical. In fact, it can increase the number of thefts thus this kind of activity should be neither tolerated nor practiced at TI. Consequently, how would we manage any other circumstances concerning potential misuses of a technology based assets? Can we ignore the illegal borrowing or change of a $200 for an application or other piece of system that is associated either to roommate or to fellows? Of course not (National Academy of Engineering; Shelly, Cashman and Vermaat). On the other hand, at the present, the majority of students believe that they are supporting and helping one another by sharing licensed software with other students. They believe that software costs are prohibitively high, and consider that, as students, they should not bear such extensive software costs. In this scenario, there are numerous solutions for the effective management of these issues. One of the primary solutions of such issue is the online websites where they can purchase such software at low cost by providing details of their institution and student enrollment. Another very good solution is that, institutions can as well establish their membership with the student welfare programs where

Compare and contrast Judaism and Christianity Term Paper

Compare and contrast Judaism and Christianity - Term Paper Example Usually, the Christ’s statutes are prevalent in both Testaments that act as a prediction of the coming of the Christ (Spencer, 2007). The faith has various denominations: the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church, and the Protestants. Though there are small diversities in their beliefs, they adhere to the same statutes. Christians hold the notion of Eternity reserved for the upright and perpetual damnation as a reprimand for unrighteous life on earth (Doerfler, 2011). Judaism versus Christianity Judaism is a Jewish creed that that sticks to the statutes unraveled to Moses by God. The main belief of Judaism is the notion that persons of all denominations are God’s children (Taubes et al., 2010). They believe in equality before God. The Jews do not acknowledge Jesus is the Messiah; they usually contend with argument that their Messiah, the real one, will emerge when the entire world attains peace. Christians embrace Christ as their Messiah and liberator (Taubes et al., 2010). The Jews normally claim they are God’s elect and live in accordance to His directives contrary to other nations. This argument emanates from the old patriarchs whom they emulate. Though their creed normally refers to them as â€Å"forefathers† due to their astuteness, statutes they adhered to are irrefutable and attained them from the Almighty (Spencer, 2007). Since the time epoch of the forefathers, much time has elapsed; Jews, however, are not ready to abandon their teaching as they refute other doctrines and consider them fake. Despite the Messiah having emanated from their land and been rejected by their ancestors, they think that those who believe in him have false convictions (Taubes et al., 2010). ... The Christians claim that they sinned, so God sent Jesus for their liberation. Some Christian denominations like the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church utilize statues to portray Christ and the saints. Conversely, Judaism seldom allows the use of statues because it perceives them as idolatry (Spencer, 2007). Argument behind the statutes is that they are tools that remind the faithful of heavenly things in diverse occasions. Catholics are notorious with this style where the images are constituted of saints or remarkable events that occurred in the past (Taubes et al., 2010). Additionally, there are medals which bear significant implications such as protection by saints or angels. Conversely, this belief is nonexistent in Judaism since it is God who is the doer of everything and certain entities cannot assume His place (Spencer, 2007). The Christian and the Judaic creeds are alike in that they both worship one superlative being, though people mistake Christians for portraying Trin ity (Spencer, 2007). Christians perceive Judaism as an incomplete creed for it does not acknowledge Christ as the Messiah. They also contend that Islam and Buddhism form false religions (Taubes et al., 2010). Jews hold the notion that Christians believe in the false Messiah. The rationale is that the world has not attained the rightful age of 6000 years. These religions amidst them do have diverse and acute differences that they normally protect or argue fiercely when one raises any criticism against them. For example, Jews fail to recognize Muhammad as a spiritualist of the Islamic belief (Taubes et al., 2010). The Protestants refute that Holy Mary through prayer can

Professional Philosophy And Occupational Therapy

Professional Philosophy And Occupational Therapy The definition of occupational therapy as gradually metamorphosis from its genesis till date, yet it has gradually evolved from its first definition in 1914 by George Barton who stated that if there is an occupational disease, why not an occupational therapy. While in 1919, he further postulated that occupational therapy is the science of instructing and encouraging the sick in such labours as will involve those energies and activities producing a beneficial therapeutic effect. Over the years, the definition of occupational therapy had transited and in 1923, Herbert J. Hall define occupational therapy as that which provide light work under medical; supervision for the benefit of patients convalescing in hospital and homes, using handicraft not with the aim of making craftsmen of the patients but for the purpose of developing physics and mental effectiveness. American occupational therapy Association (AOTA) proposed the definition that occupational therapy is the art and science of di recting mans involvement in selected task to reinstate, reinforce and enhance performance, to facilitate learning of the skills and functions essential for adaptation and productivity, diminish or correct pathology and to promote and maintain health. In 1994 AOTA mmrevised the definition and stated that occupational therapy is the use of purposeful activity or interventions to promote health and achieve functional out come to develop, improve or restore the highest possible level of independence with person who is limited by a physical injury or illness. The goal of occupational therapy is to assist the individual in achieving an independent, productive and satisfying life style. Occupational therapist use adaptive activities to increase the individuals functioning and productivity in view of achieving independence and satisfaction. Occupational therapy is a health discipline concerned with enabling function and well-being (Baum, 1997) Occupation in Occupational Therapy (Polatakjo 2007, Wilcock 2000), states that the ultimate impact of occupational therapy in multidisciplinary health care service must be a profound understanding of enabling occupation (Pollock and McColl 2003) also stresses that the knowledge of occupation is employed as a means to enhance the development of health in people. Occupational therapists also aspire to the goal of facilitating occupational engagement and performance as the end or outcome of therapy. Occupation is the purposeful or meaningful activities in which human beings engage as part of their normal daily livesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ all aspects of daily living that contribute to health and fulfilment for an individual(McColl 2003 p1) Schwammle (1996) encourage occupational therapists to focus on enabling clients achieve a sense of well being via occupation. In contrast, (Wilcock 2006) de-emphasises occupation in favour of established concepts that are more consistent with a medical model. He also stressed that medical focus, rather than an occupational focused may have resulted in therapists looking at remedying performance components rather than addressing occupation itself, but (Molineux, 2004) said it will be highly problematic as it will lead to issues of role blurring, role overlap and role ambiguity. A different dimension to core philosophy of occupational therapy is functional independence or activity of daily living as the ultimate goal of occupational therapy (Thornton and Rennie 1998). Chavalier (1997) concurred that occupational therapists experience difficulty agreeing on what occupational therapy is, and also that the diverse opinion is a strength to the occupational therapy profession. There seems to be an overall conclusion by occupational therapy experts that occupational therapy as a profession should mainly focus and emphasis on occupation as the core centre of the profession. (Baum and Baptiste 2007, Law et al 2002, Wilcock 2000, Asmundsottir and Kaplan 2001) all stress that occupation should be central in occupational practices. Various authors also gave reasons why occupation should be the epicentre of occupational therapy: It will provide an exclusive perspective that will ensure the professional survival of OT in health service (Pierce 2001) It will unite OT and ensure its continued survival (Nelson 1996). It will enable OT to achieve its full potential (Crabtree 2000) Occupation-focused practice may result in more satisfying practice for individual occupational therapists (Molineux 2004, Wilding 2008) Occupation focused may assist therapists intervention s to be more meaningful when dealing with complex issues (Persson et al 2001) It makes OT to be a true, self-defining profession. Metamorphosis Of Occupational Therapy Right from the inception of occupational therapy. the concepts of occupation is the foundation upon which the profession is built. The founders of occupational therapy the likes of George Barton, Fleanor Clarke Slage, Adolph Meyer etc based the new profession on their own personal experiences of the health enhancing effects of engagement in purposeful and meaningful activities (Peloquin, 1991a), Kielhofner (1992) noted for the early part of twentieth century how occupation is seen to play an essential role in human life and lack of it could result in poor health and dysfunction, occupation is also seen as the link between the mind and soul. Occupational therapy There was a shift of focus to mechanistic paradigm in the (1960s). These emphases the ability to perform depend on the integrity of body systems, and functional performance can be restored by improving or compensating for system limitations. KIELHOFNER (1992) saw a growing dissatisfaction among occupational therapist with the mechanistic approach whiled Reilly (1992) called for therapist in the early 1960s to focus on occupational nature of humans and also the ability of the profession to emphasize on the occupation needs of people contemporary paradigm (1980- present day).(Molineux 2009) Relationship between professional philosophy and occupational therapy A professional philosophy helps set values, beliefs truths and focuses the therapist on the principles that governs his actions. It gives credence to the profession existence and substantiates reasons for practitioners therapeutics processes. In studying the philosophical basis of a profession, it is essential to look at it from its three components as it relates to occupational therapy Metaphysical component. This bothers on what the nature of humankind is. -active being, occupation performance, Reductive approach and Holistic approach. Epistemology component. This relates to the development of a professional philosophy. It analyse the nature, origin and limits of human knowledge.(Adaptation, Thinking, feeling and doing) Axiology component. It concerns with the values of the profession. Quality of life, client catered approach, code of ethics Man is an active being whose development is influenced by the use of purposeful activities, using their capacity for intrinsic motivation; human beings are able to influence the physical and mental health and their physical environments through purposeful activity. Adaptation is a change in function that promotes survival and self-actualisation, it is also described as the satisfactory adjustment of individual s within their environment over time. . Dysfunction may occur when adaptation is impaired, while purposeful activity enhances the adaptive process. Health care system has been developed from a reductionistic approach where man is viewed as separate body function and each part treated separately and focuses on specific problem for greater efficiency. However, medicine has metamorphosis into addressing all the bodily functions of the client, this is a holistic approach by occupational therapy traced to Adolf Meyer. He sees the human body as a live organism acting. The holistic approach emphasises organic and fundamental relationship between the parts and the whole being, an interaction of biological, psychological, socio-cultural and spiritual elements. Occupational therapy trend is shifting away from holistic practice to specialised (reductionistic) approach again. For example, occupational therapy practitioners working in hand rehabilitation refers to themselves as hand therapists or those in psychiatry call themselves psychiatric therapists. Critical analysis of model and frame of reference MODEL AND FOR In advancing the theoretical foundation of occupational therapy, a model is defined as a theoretical simplification of a complex reality (Frolitch, 1993) and consists of several explicitly defined concepts. Conceptual models are schematic or graphic representation of concepts and assumptions that act as a guide for theory development. The frame of reference is based on philosophy or a paradigm and attempts to describe or explain what we believe or value. Models are developed within a frame of reference. Hence, FOR are viewpoints, beliefs or values. FOR are connected sets of ideas that form the basis for action. (Duncan, 2006) Reed and Sanderson (1999) states that no perfect or ideal model for health, functioning and disability exists for occupational therapists. Rather, they suggest that occupational therapists should select the aspects from those health models that most closely fit the belief and values of occupational therapy. According to Townsend (2002), Occupational performance is defined as the result of the dynamic relationship between the person, the environment and the occupation. It refers to the ability to choose and satisfactorily perform meaningful occupations that are culturally defined and appropriate for looking after ones self, enjoying life and contributing to the social and economic fabric in the community. Occupations are groups of activities and tasks of everyday life. Activities of Daily Living (ADL) The initial process of occupational therapy assessment involves interviews with the patient and the carer to establish previously held life roles and the tasks and activities that were completed within these roles. Observational assessment is undertaken of personal self-care tasks, including showering, dressing, toileting, grooming, and eating, and domestic or instrumental tasks, including meal preparation, shopping, cleaning, laundry, and management of finances and medications. Standardized measures may include the Functional Independence Measure (FIM), [6 MODELS Model of human occupation (MOHO) The model emphasis that occupational behaviour is a result of the human system, the subsystem, the habitation subsystem and the environment. MOHO is a behavioural model. He defines occupational performance from a behavioural perspective. The model sees occupational performance as a result of mind-brain-body performance subsystem. Haglund and Kjellberg (1999) argue that the MOHO lacks the influence of the environment on human behaviour. Though it includes the environmental factor, he does not explain the interaction and relationship between the person and the environment. Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP). See in occupational performance terms of dynamic relation between occupation, environment and a person, the key elements of environment are cultural, institutional, physical and social. While the purpose of occupation can be leisure, productivity or self-care. The CMOP presents the person as an integrated whole, incorporates spiritual, affective, cognitive and physical need (Townsend, 2002) The CMOP defines occupational performance as the result of dynamic relationship between the person, the environment and the occupation. OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE MODEL (Australia) In contrast to the ICF where rest is a body function, rest has an activity perspective in the OPM. CORE PROCESS (HAGEDORN 2006) The first extensive presentation of occupational therapy core competencies was produced by Mosey (1986) she based her domains of concern of the profession as performance components, occupational performances, the life cycle and the environment. While (Neistadt and Crepeau 1998) give a list at entry level to be development of skills, socialization in the expectation related to organisation, peers and the profession, acceptance of responsibility and accountability in relevant active-ties. In 1994,the college of occupational therapist published a position on core skills and conceptual framework for practice. Core skill is defined as the expert knowledge at the hearth of the Professional. The unique core skills of occupational therapy are Engage in purposeful activity and meaningful occupation as therapeutic tools to enhance health and wellbeing. Enable people to explore, achieve and maintain balance in their daily living tasks. Evaluate the effects of manipulate, physical and psycho-social environments, maximise function and social integration. Ability to analyse, select and apply occupation to focused therapeutic media to enable dysfunction in daily living tasks and occupational roles. For a therapist to be able to display core professionalism via the above listed core skills. The therapist needs to use four core processes. Therapeutic Use of Self In the heart of therapeutic intervention is the ability of the therapist to communicate with the client and establish a therapeutic relationship or alliance. Mosey (1986) described conscience use of self as one of the legitimate tools of practice. ASSESSMENT OF INDIVIDUAL POTENTIAL, ABILITY AND NEEDS For an effective therapeutic intervention, there must be a clear and accurate evaluation of the potential and abilities of the clients in view of the clients needs and goals. This is achieved through the array of tests, checklists and other assessment tools. Assessment may require detailed observation, measurement and repeated testing in relation to ADL which the individual engages. OT is concerned with the whole spectrum of human skills through all ages: past, present and future. Possibilities and probabilities need careful evaluation which requires experience and indepth clinical reasoning. ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF OCCUPATION A fundamental assumption of occupational therapy is that engagement in occupation promotes health and well being. Hence, occupational analysis seeks to break down the tasks into smallest units of which performance is composed. The client skill components can be identified and the therapist can map how this can be built into competence. To achieve this, the therapist must observe, record and analyse elements of performance via work, leisure and self care activities. The therapist also employs analytical methods to determine client interaction between occupational role and social life relationships. ANALYSIS AND ADAPTATION OF ENVIRONMENT Therapists acknowledge that the environment has an effect on behaviour. It facilitates interaction, reduce stress and promote engagement. Hence, adapting to the environment can enhance occupational performance or impede engagement in task. The analysis of the environment should be at an holistic level and not limited to the physical aspects alone, but also socio-cultural aspects, emotional and financier environment. CODE OF ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT COT 2010 On a daily basis, occupational therapists are confronted with situations that requires decisions. Moral and ethics have the potential to affect the clinicians decision making practice. Ethics are philosophical stands on the rightness or appropriateness of various voluntary actions. The adoption of ethical principles is one characteristic often used to distinguish professions from other occupations (Vollmer Mills, 1966). The code of ethics and professional conduct produced by the college of occupational therapists (COT) and NPC are formulated to guide O. T in their professional conduct in terms of competent combination of knowledge, skills and behaviors. The code of ethics and professional conduct are sub divided into major sections: Service user welfare and autonomy, this includes: Duty of care, welfare, mental capacity and informed consent and confidentiality. Service provision: Equality, Resourses, the occupational process, risk management and record keeping. Personal professional integrity: Personal integrity relationships with service users, professional integrity, fitness to practice, substance misuse, personal profit or gain, and information representation. Professional competence and lifelong learning: professional competence, delegation, collaborative working, combining professional development, and occupational therapy practice education. Developing and using the professions evidence base. The code of ethics and professional conduct enacted various laws upon which an occupational therapist base his/her practice, these include: Health Act 1999 Occupational therapist is protected by law and can only be used by persons who are registered with the health professions council (HPC) O.T personnel must respect the right of all people under the Human Right Act 1998. Mental Capacity Act 2005 code of practice states that: A person must be assumed to have capacity unless it is established otherwise. Data protection Act 1998: gives individual the right to know what information is held about them and that personal information is handled properly. Roles of COT and HPC (Code of ethics and professional conduct.COT,2010)

Project: South African Aluminum Essay

At the beginning of 1994, Alusaf was considering building the world’s largest greenfield primary aluminum smelter, a 466,000-ton-per-year smelter at Richard’s Bay, a deepwater port on the east coast of South Africa’s province of Kwa-Zulu Natal. Alusaf was the sole primary aluminum producer in South Africa, operating 170,000 tpy of capacity at the existing â€Å"Bayside† facility at Richard’s Bay. Alusaf’s 1993 revenues were $220. 2 million, up 1% from 1992. Income was $8. 6 million, up 122% from 1992. A feasibility study for the proposed â€Å"Hillside† smelter had been completed over the past two years. During this time, South Africa’s political regime had undergone a dramatic transformation with the 1993 passing of the Transitional Executive Council (TEC) Bill. This bill removed absolute power from the hands of whites and created a multi-racial body that would share responsibility for organizing and overseeing the general elections to be held in April 1994. Within days, Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress party, addressed the UN Special Committee Against Apartheid in New York, calling on the international community to lift sanctions against South Africa. The European Union, the Organization of African Unity, Canada, China, Sweden, Singapore, India, and the United States all responded quickly with announcements that they would begin the process of restoring normal economic relations with South Africa. Aluminum prices had fallen dramatically since the feasibility study was begun, as Russian aluminum continued to flood the market. Now, with aluminum prices near their all-time low in real terms in early 1994, Alusaf had to decide whether to embark on this massive project. The South African Aluminum Industry The South African aluminum industry’s origins could be traced to investments made by Alcan in the 1940s. As part of its efforts to create demand for its ingot, Alcan built semifabrication capacity in South Africa to serve the local market. A government-coordinated development effort at the port of Richard’s Bay, together with a desire to reduce dependence on imported ingot, led to construction of South Africa’s first primary production facility nearly 25 years later. The original Bayside plant came onstream in 1972 with ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professor Kenneth S. Corts prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only in PGDM 1st Year – 1007 by Rakhi Singh at IILM Institute for Business and Management, Gurgaon (IILM-IBM, Gurgaon) from October 2013 to April 2014. 799-130 Aluminum Smelting in South Africa: Alusaf’s Hillside Project capacity of approximately 85,000 tpy. Less than a quarter of Bayside’s production was exported. Ten years later, the Bayside plant was expanded through the relocation to Richard’s Bay of a similarly sized plant in Niigata, Japan, that had been shut down due to escalating energy costs. Over three quarters of the new plant’s production was exported as ingot. In 1989, South African mining and metals giant Gencor acquired a controlling interest in Alusaf. The other primary shareholders were Swiss aluminum producer Alusuisse and South Africa’s quasigovernmental Industrial Development Corporation (IDC). Gencor was founded in 1980 by the merger of two major mining companies, each founded in the late nineteenth century. Since that merger, Gencor had been a diversified financial, mining and industrial conglomerate. In May 1993, Gencor announced it was spinning off its financial and industrial interests in order to refocus on its mining, metals, and minerals businesses. In addition to Alusaf, the companies retained in the â€Å"unbundled† Gencor included the world’s third-largest gold producer, the world’s second-largest platinum producer, the world’s largest producer of ferroalloys, and the world’s largest supplier of titanium dioxide feedstock. Basic financial results for Gencor are given in Table A. Table Aduction of secondary aluminum had held relatively steady at about 30,000 tpy since 1980. Together with primary production, this brought total domestic production to about 200,000 tpy (see Exhibit 1). In 1994, semifabrication in South Africa remained primarily focused on domestic demand. South African aluminum exports totaled approximately 100,000 tpy, of which 20,000 tpy were semifabricated products and 80,000 tpy were ingot. Domestic consumption totaled about 130,000 tpy, of which about 30,000 was imported products (see Exhibit 2). The Hillside Project Escom, South Africa’s electrical power utility, initiated discussion of the Hillside project with Alusaf in mid-1991. With aluminum prices around $1,300 per ton, Alusaf had suggested to Escom that the Bayside smelter was not economically viable given market conditions and might be shut down. Escom responded with an offer to reduce power rates dramatically if Bayside were kept open and an additional facility at Richard’s Bay constructed. Escom offered to supply the smelter’s approximately 680 Mw electricity requirements under an unusual long-term contract. About half the world’s smelters operated under contracts guaranteeing discounted electricity for multiple years; often these contracts tied the price of electricity to the price 2 This document is authorized for use only in PGDM 1st Year – 1007 by Rakhi Singh at IILM Institute for Business and Management, Gurgaon (IILM-IBM, Gurgaon) from October 2013 to April 2014. Aluminum Smelting in South Africa: Alusaf’s Hillside Project 799-130 of aluminum and employed complicated formulas that imposed caps and floors on prices. The 25year Escom/Alusaf contract was unique in its simplicity: Alusaf would pay Escom 16% of the per-ton price of aluminum for every ton of aluminum produced, assuming the plant produced at its designed efficiency. While the contract did contain provisions protecting Escom from inefficient production, it did not protect Escom against fluctuations in the price of aluminum. Escom and Alusaf were also discussing whether Escom might take an equity stake in the facility. As a result of high growth projections in the 1970s, Escom had built enormous generating capacity of 38,000 Mw, of which 8,000 Mw now stood idle. Rob Barbour, managing director of Alusaf, claimed that the high energy requirements of aluminum production made aluminum essentially â€Å"frozen energy† and that therefore Alusaf â€Å"will become an exporter of South African energy with i high value-added. † For provision of all the basic engineering and technology for the plant, Alusaf planned to contract with Pechiney, the French firm whose technology had been used in over three quarters of all recent smelter projects. Lacking bauxite and alumina operations, Alusaf intended to import the full 900,000 tpy alumina requirement of the new smelter and had negotiated a tentative alumina supply agreement with Alcoa of Australia and Billiton (a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell). This contract tied the price of alumina to the price of aluminum, a common contracting practice employed by about half the world’s smelters. For the Hillside plant, this contract ensured that per-ton alumina and power costs would always amount to 41% of the price of aluminum. Estimates for other operating costs at Hillside are given in Table B. Capital costs were estimated to total $2 billion. Table B Hillside’s Projected Operating Costs ($ per ton) Other raw materials $143 Plant power and fuel 17 Consumables 32 Maintenance Labor Freight 38 68 40 General and administrative 32 Before the feasibility study was complete, Barbour announced that he believed there was a â€Å"high probability† the smelter would be approved. â€Å"In the meantime we hope to deter others from thinking about aluminum smelter projects,† he added. â€Å"We want to frighten them off by convincing ii them that this one is unstoppable. † The Decision In early 1994, tentative contracts for power, alumina, and the smelting technology were all in place, and willing investors had been lined up. The financing plan called for $1. 9 billion of new capital to be raised, about $830 million of it in equity. Gencor was to contribute $340 million in 3 This document is authorized for use only in PGDM 1st Year – 1007 by Rakhi Singh at IILM Institute for Business and Management, Gurgaon (IILM-IBM, Gurgaon) from October 2013 to April 2014. 799-130 Aluminum Smelting in South Africa: Alusaf’s Hillside Project equity, the IDC $270 million in equity, other local institutions $140 million in equity, and Escom $80 million in convertible debt. Three new smelters using the Pechiney technology had been completed in recent months. Now, Hillside was the only planned smelter project, and a number of other proposed projects had been cancelled. Equipment suppliers were quoting Alusaf prices 20% to 30% below those supplied for the feasibility study, and the capital cost of the new plant was now projected to total only $1. 6 billion. At the beginning of 1994, aluminum prices stood at $1,110. Aluminum-producing countries had scheduled meetings in the coming months to address the world glut of aluminum, but it was unclear whether prices would recover anytime soon. Barbour wondered whether he should commit to this enormous and ambitious project in the face of these uncertain industry conditions. 4 This document is authorized for use only in PGDM 1st Year – 1007 by Rakhi Singh at IILM Institute for Business and Management, Gurgaon (IILM-IBM, Gurgaon) from October 2013 to April 2014.

Homelessness Among Veterans of the U.S. Military Essay

2. Contributing Factors The presence of additional risk for homelessness specifically associated with Veteran status is puzzling in that it occurs among a population that shows better outcomes on almost all socioeconomic measures and that has exclusive access to an extensive system of benefits that include comprehensive healthcare services, disability and pension assistance, and homeless services (Fargo, et al, 24). In spite of having many advantages, veterans over-represent in the homeless population. The question â€Å"Why?† begs an answer. Forty years have passed since the Vietnam Conflict ended and homeless veterans became a representative image in American society. Surprisingly, it appears there are no studies on the factors contributing†¦show more content†¦3. Current Solutions To achieve the goal of ending homelessness among veterans by 2015, the VA has numerous programs. These include providing healthcare, rehabilitation services, employment assistance, and transitional housing for veterans, and supportive services for the families of veterans to help them better understand and deal with conditions the veteran spouse may have. Additionally, the VA works with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to provide long-term housing solutions for homeless veterans (Homeless Veterans, For Homeless Veterans). In addition to programs of the federal government, many private organizations work to prevent or end the homelessness of veterans. For example, the Wounded Warrior Project assists wounded veterans to help them recover from their physical and/or mental injuries and reintegrate into productive roles in society. Enabling them to provide for themselves, helps prevent them from becoming homeless (How We Serve). The American Legion has a Homeless Veterans Task Force to address the problem of veteran homelessness. 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