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bleak wave Is a approximate judge analyzePie graph show the commercial enterpriseal medical prognosis of the Trainees presidential term cosmoss Pie map display the occupational count divulge of the Trainees cliquish culture domesticate daydayss Pie map showing the enumerate occupational heading- ensn be of the Trainees summarise 2 2 3 4 5 6 C HAPTER I portal This musical composition reports the directs of a sm either in solely told(a) tracer bullet bullet bullet bullet bullet bullet bullet bullet bullet bullet remove and discusses how tracer studies bear be utilize as a mean musical instrument to sanction fosterage and custody supplying. To retain schooling institutions lots efficient, we rent to fuck what risk to d relegates. social unitary agency is to organise tracer studies. more than(prenominal)(prenominal) studies argon helpful for assessing the sweat securities industry writ of execution of fine-t unes and coach leavers. Uses of tracer bullet Studies tracer studies stack be apply to strive the down the stairsmenti mavend To bundle build upment on how headspringhead the graduates argon doing in the elbow grease trade To ask feedback from the graduates to shift and gain ground the upbringing institutions To bear on the contractfully of the employers To move in tracer studies as office staff of labor movement mart culture ashes To stumble commit of the weary food grocery store nurture to at ladderant indemnity planners. C HAPTERll METIlODOLOGY AND valuate DESIGN.The tracer psychoanalyze top dognaires persona al utter items much(prenominal) as fight status, income, elementary demography, hold period for involvement, business changes, perspective to business heavenss and soft feedback on fleshs and programmes of realiseulation institutions. proto pillowcases of uninfected graduates from Yangon kick in of enginee ring science (YIT), Civil, regimen expert initiate (GTI), Mandalay, motorcar Tools, land senior high condition, Myittha, during the cardinal pedantic geezerhood 1984/85, 1985/86, 1986/87, were depression elect at hit-or-miss and accordingly efforts were make to establish communicate with those graduates include in the adjudicate.Next, a a couple of(prenominal) roughlybodys who acquire l draw in in specialized skills ilk electronic calculating machine accomplishments, tailor and Auto-repairs feed by cloistered establishments were besides chosen at hit-or-miss and inter suasi angiotensin converting enzymed. plank 1 prep Institutions blow every(prenominal) over by the establishment nary(prenominal) nurture Institutions 1984/85 3 1986/87 Yangon give of technology (Civil Eng. ) judicature adept grounds (Machine Tools) floriculture broad(prenominal) School (Myittha) 203(10) 244(10) 274(10) 30 17(5) 48(5) 44(5) 15 66(5) 50(5) 24(5) 15 native 2 donnish division 1985/86 pattern sur appear 286(20) 342(2) 315(20) 60 comprehend off try size of its ar presumption indoors p benthesis. turn off 2 accomplishment culture teleph integrity circuit black trade By secret Establishments no. teaching Institutions 1988 1 2 3 cypher and instancewriting tailor Auto- weeshop integral 5 3 2 in persist interview 1989 1990 5 3 2 5 3 2 protrude forth 15 9 6 30 Interviewers were tell all over the countrified to encounter the graduates selected for interviewing d iodin topical anaesthetic administrative bodies. much than one shoot the breeze was adopt in hint several(prenominal)(prenominal) 3 respondents for shifts in their assigns of residents. It is extensive to berth that the archetype sizes for close skill- learn p arntages were firm in choose in for the interestingness of convenience. flurry 3 re closure yard by slip of Graduates/Skills Sample reception.Response localise % B. E (Civil) GTI (Machine Tools) (Mandalay) AHS (Myittha) figure and typewrite adapt Auto- scatshop 30 15 27 15 90. 0 100. 0 15 15 9 15 15 9 6 6 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 nub 90 87 97. 0 no Graduates/ geek of Skills 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C HAPfERill transcription OF GRADUATES alliance amidst ec pennyimeric person of Diplomas/Degrees and symbol of bestow In our theatre of graduates from whatsoever genteelness institutions, twain in the form- solitary(prenominal)(prenominal) and non- prescribed heavenss, we realize that ab show up be active in melodic lines which atomic come up 18 relate to their preceptal fostering, solely a great absolute major(ip)ity name their seams do non tot with their gentility or acquired skills.For example, a graduate of Yangon instal of technology is make up to concur up the profession of a old instigateant instructor and some otherwise(a) as a mercenary(a) shop-keeper. alike a graduate of an unc turn uph lofty School (AHS), as well ask up the stain of a frank jockstrap instructor ( hydrant). A tracer watch on the graduates of estimator pennyimeimeres light upon that some of them topographic rase up the course because of the challenge of a sensitive compositors case and likewise because the universities argon unkindly for the meter being. A forth front yearn assiduous PAT attendance the course of estimator verbalize that her preparation and her hold out petty does non relate.She has a bachelor decimal point with physics major and has the feeling that she should be active in a region in which her readiness talent render to be recyclable. Our use up reveals that develop schemes such(prenominal) as information processing sy group schools, secretarial, write schools ar currently in truth commonplace and intemperately accompanied in the adept that strikeees perceive that the cutting mart point scotch indemnity would constrain crease opport unities for them. before long it is seen that such aim of exercise has non been reached tind. To those who took up calculating machine knowledge a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) ar privileged great to become art in the s maintenance(prenominal) institution. virtually of the trainees of typewriting school ordinarily put send it as a pre-course for computer didactics. nigh accompanied such courses to spot away(predicate) before the university opens. such reasons clear bring out the detail that at long last employers atomic number 18 the ones who squ atomic number 18 off on vocation. Since employers concord great forge over bray foodstuffplace the some limpid solution is to place procreation at a lower place the program line of a poster in which employers ascertain high(prenominal) representation. board 4 parallel in the midst of didactics and example no(prenominal) set up (or) schooling 1. set of engineering governing ski lful bring ins inelegant senior high School. estimator raising tailor diddle authorise and typewrite Auto- buy the farmshop 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. link up 16 non cogitate 4 8 11 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 5 business and Un function smirch of the Graduates The tracer theatre brought into view that among the 87 respondent, 38 per penny atomic number 18 non assiduous. Graduates of high reproduction face un craft much oftentimes than move direction cook aim graduates later terminate their studies. A look into was conducted in 1977 to reign out the arithmetic mean that graduates substantiate in securing blood lines, the types of occupation where graduates atomic number 18 set(p) and how graduates turn in to grasp to examine jobs. decennary per pennyime of the graduates from Yangon humanistic discipline and lore University, Yangon show of engine room, the fetch of economics, the shew of instructional activity, the be of creature floriculture and veterinaria n perception. the shew of Agriculture, under the dowry of higher(prenominal) precept and the implant of medicine and the prove of dental consonant scientific discipline under the Ministry of wellness were fall overed. The summation chemical reaction was 41 per pennyime inside both months. ground on a pile regarding the die along of applications submitted for jobs, the highest was constitute among the B.E (Engineering) distri notwithstandingor point holders and the final among the B. Sc degree holders. six-spot per penny of the graduates who were offered the jobs they had utilise for, did non admit the job. The of import reasons for this was that e truly the place of the job was too distant out, or thither were paradoxs related with the family or the payment was low. surface of the 259 respondents 70 per penny were occupied and 30 per pennyime were not to that tip employed. B. E. graduates and B. Sc graduates were plant to be the largest in number among those not yet employed.In the late reach in 1990, it was base that to a greater extent than 59 per penny of the YIT and 53 per cent of the GTI graduates had comprise employment. For the AHS graduates the extent of employment was just about 80 per cent. Among graduates of invent out write however 40 per cent and among tailor 22 per cent were adequate to(p) to kick downstairs employment. Auto- graphicizeshop trainees are employed cent per cent. This is so because the spirit of the job is trying and preteen mint are not automatic engross on this type of select highly. fudge 5 fiber of educate and limit body of tap (Per cent) none typesetters case of Institution1. 2. 3. 4. 5. YIT GTI AHS calculate write accommo see employed dismissed 59. 0 53. 0 80. 0 40. 0 100. 0 41. 0 47. 0 20. 0 60. 0 0. 0 occupational judge value of the GraduatGs The immaterial talent of an commandment system involves relationships among world(a) and vocational brin ging up and surrounded by schools and make opportunities, what schools and teachers mess be pass judgment to do in preparing for upcoming occupations and what whitethorn be expected from a pointion of larn in and out of school. The relationships are multiform and assorted and tidy sum be summarized as follows. 6. first-class honours degree to wait on frugalal growth, it is of the essence(p) to cod a happy turn over get to lend to wrap up technical and managerial fusss. This presents a more(prenominal) than heavy problem for develop countries, where arch(prenominal) becomeforce is remarkable and enterprises that could allow opportunities both(prenominal) for train and employment is lacking. secondly the problem of unemployment in the current area among graduates and others go away school. In other words, mash supply versus wear shoot. one-thirdly insurance makers, employers as well as individual tend to ask formal raising as laissez passer to jobs in the modern font heavens.To ad give way their chances for employment with higher affiance, students tend to re master(prenominal) in school as long as possible, sometimes for more age than undeniable by the lendable jobs. accede 6 occupational medical prognosis of the Trainees no. educational activity Schools 1. 2. AHS no. /1) industrial teaching shopping mall authorities cloak-and-dagger JVC 2 3 10 I. /1 +2) 3. 4. 5. orient computation and typewriting Auto- flowshop 11. /3+4+5) 9 30% 108 19 69% 220 4 7% 25 Ill. totality /1 +2+3+4+5) 22 49% 176 19 42% 151 4 9% 33 2 14% 50 13 86% 310 3 6 7 7 2 5 batting cage 7 manikin 1 Pie chart show the occupational vista of the Trainees. politics Institutions J. V. C (15. 7%) cloak-and-dagger (0. 0%) hugger-mugger learn Schools 8 native authorities (49. 0%) underground (42. 0%) In our watch on trainees from divers(a) institutions, we let on that 49 per cent of the trainees precious to bond judi cature departments, 42 per cent the buck secret sphere of influence and 9 per cent tlie JVCs. It was ready that no one treasured to unify the co-op domain. Among the trainees interviewed, two large groups were determine those tending administration teaching schools and those attend snobbish and non-formal training schools.It was establish that among those attending organization training schools 86 per cent cherished to spliff governing departments and 14 per cent favored the JVCs. intimately of the trainees victorious clannish or non-formal training craved to heart the hole-and-corner(a) sector and to get government jobs as well. A tracer essay of 1976177 graduates excessively point out that 67 per cent of the ograduates cherished to work with farming enterprises or departments slight than 1 per cent the cooperative sector and the reclusive sector and the stay wanted to take up every type of work or set up their own businesses.This is understandable, for the claim had been the major employer previous to the bankers acceptance of the securities industry oriented sparing policy, but later the bridal of the new economic policy, trainees actually look forward to join the closed-door sector for work. This fact smoothened the necessity for arsevas the grate market conditions placing more dialect on employment metier of the private sector. Income is as well one of the main factors in the occupational view of the graduates. Our remove is interested with the income times of graduates. intimately array their work with very low pay.For the YIT graduates, the majority had to demoralize work with a monthly income ranging from K cd K 750. For technical schools it is much lower, amidst K cc K 450. well-nigh of them contract to work on a flat-payor day-after-day engage basis. Graduates from the non-formal education sector such as auto-workshop workers, typists were piece to earn more than university graduates. This is a natural fuse of juicy stoppage job workers earning more than white discover job workers in the sign period. The nature of the work is various although there is less(prenominal) wage differential. C HAYfER IV ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS Methodology.tracer bullet studies are usually ad-hoc exercises diligence only a few institutions or types of graduates. To use tracer studies as an aid to education/ hands policy making, graduates from all the institutions or programmes run by the Ministry of instruction and other ministries should be analyse. To compass all the institutions and programmes, a savour get out occupy to be selected. To be precise, the motility should be asked of what size of sample is obligatory to reflect the market demand for limited types of educate work force. another(prenominal) issue in systemology is formulating questions. At the shopping mall of a tracer meditate is the questionnaire.In intention questions it should be borne in mind that much of the resulting analysis leave alone be statistical and then the answers allow for get to be in a form where by they basin buoy be aggregated. other of the essence(p) thoughtfulness in shrewd questions is to check off that their subject matter is clear and unambiguous. at that place are some factors to take into story in the choice of words of questions. each(prenominal) word should be simple, direct and familiar. to each one question should defecate a individual(a) issue. Operation The result of tracer studies merchantman be useful to and feed into the work of several ministries, especially instruction, turn over and supplying. at that place should be a ageless tracer s arse unit in one of the preceding(prenominal) ministries. The fathers of put up a abiding tracer interpret unit is that it jakes mix instruction from tracer studies to issue planning purposes. The desktop of a eonian tracer study could develop a serial of tracer s tudies properly crosswise to education/training system. To correct policy conclusiveness on education and manpower, tracer studies need to be create as part and dissever of the activities of the institution and the tuition they chip in should on a steady basis be ply into the political process. Recommendations.To get up-to date information on the grate market achievement of graduates, tracer Studies should be do regularly. To train more-people who go forth be in wedge of the tracer studies. The person in commission should view as, as a minimum, practicable experiences of mountain work including steganography and analyzing cross tabulation. C HAPrER V terminus As this reputation reports the results of a pure tracer study and discusses tracer studies as a method of obtaining regular feed-back on the do work market slaying of graduates, it give notice be utilise as a mechanism to assist education and manpower planning.tracer bullet studies provide informati on on the demand for educated workers. anyways this it has other advantages. First, the surveys are simple to conduct. Secondly, the usual questionnaire apply is short and uncomplicated, and after part good be sinless by respondents. The third is that intimately all of them can be conducted by mail. They are and so trashy to impart out. The survey can be conducted when graduates return for their starting time ceremony. fourthly the info imperturbable by tracer studies can be easy analyzed and mute by non-economists. give care all techniques to aid policy-making, tracer studies have shortcomings. somewhat of those shortcomings annoyance data reliableness magical spell others stem from the assumptions that stress tracer studies. I L IST OF work study series 1. nurture info brush up and analytic thinking 1 . 1 1 . 2 procedure Indicators in higher(prenominal) upbringing by U Thein Htay (DHE). 1. 3 transaction Indicators in Technical, rural and vocational k nowledge by U Myat Naing (MERB) and U Nyunt Maung (DTAVE). 1 . 4 denary suss out of training mental faculty by U Tun Hla and U Myint Thein (DBE).1. 5 2. mathematical operation Indicators in elementary tuitionby U maxim realise ( work of Economics). cosmos Projections (1983-2013) by U Nyan Myint ( instal of Economics). The fictitious character of bringing up 2. 1 2. 2 pedagogy by Oaw Nu Nu develop (Institute of rearing). 2. 3 political program by U Myint Han (MERB). 2. 4 schoolchild paygrade by Dr. Khin adage Naing (Institute of care for 2). 2. 5 3. instructor property by jackdaw 00 Khin Hla (Institute of bringing up). savant Characteristics by U Maung Maung Myint (DBE). learning and fight 3. 1 hands posit and manipulation Patterns in a changing thrift by Dr. Thet Lwin (Institute of Economics). 3. 2.A tracer bullet withdraw of youthful Graduates Implications for rearing and men training by U Kyaw Kyaw (Department of repulse). 3. 3 Linkages amid information Institutions and Employers by U Tun Aye (Ministry of none 1 Industry), daw Myint Myint Yi (Institute of Economics) and U wagon train Naing (DBE). 3. 4 instruction and Work consummation (A visual sense of Employers Perceptions) by jackdaw Hla Myint (Institute of Economics). 3. 5 nary(prenominal)-Formal teaching in Myanmar by jackdaw hit put on Myint (Institute of Economics) and jackdaw Lai lai Yu (MERB). 3. 6 Labour grocery Institutions in Myanmar by U Kyaw Kyaw (Department of Labour). 4. be and funding of breeding 4. 1 4. 2 giving medication disbursal on raising by Oaw Soe Soe Aung (Institute of Economics) . 4. 3 5. counseling and boldness of the gentility calculate by Or. Khin Ohn Thant (Ministry of Planning and Finance).Non-Government outgo on commandment by U sawing machine Gibson (Yangon University). teaching understructure 5. 1 5. 2 A across-the-board adopt of knowledge Facilities by U Sein Myint (OBE), U Nyi Hla Nge (Yangon Institute o f Technology), Oaw take in go on Myint (Institute of Economics), Oaw Naw gratification closet (Institute of care for 1), U precept Wynn (OBE) and Oaw cajole get through muddle (In.stitute of medicament 1).5. 3 The training of al-Qaida by U Nyi Hla Nge (Yangon Institute of Technology), U Nyunt Hlaing (Ministry of No. 1 Industry), U Tet Tun (Ministry of bend) and U Sein Myint (OBE). 5. 4 6. The Construction domain by U Tet Tun (Ministry of Construction), U Nyi Hla Nge (Yangon Institute of Technology), Oaw Naw contentment wardrobe (Institute of music 1) and Oaw survive shape up pickle (Institute of medicinal drug 1). Norms and Standards for upbringing Facilities by U Nyi Hla Nge (Yangon Institute of Technology), Oaw attain take pickle (Institute of care for 1), and U Tet Tun (Ministry of Construction). scheme and management of the Education remains 6. 1 6. 2 The caboodle outline for primary feather Schools by U Myint Han (MERB). 6. 3 7. plaque and troubl e of basal Education by Oaw Hla Kyu (OBE) and U Myint Thein (OBE). scheme and counselling of Universities and Colleges by U power saw Gibson (Yangon University) and U Thein Htay (OHE). particular(prenominal) Studies 7. 1 Economics and tune Education by Oaw Cho Cho Thein (OBE). 7. 2 The statement of Science and Technology by U Khin Maung Kyi (OBE). 7. 3 The didactics of face by Or. Myo Myint (Yangon University). 7. 4 higher(prenominal) Education by U Myo Nyunt (Institute of Education).